ImprimirImprimir

Volumen 21 || Número Suplemento 1 || 2018
e I.S.S.N. ISSN: 2255-3517 - I.S.S.N. ISSN: 2254-2884
Apartado IX
 
CAPÍTULO IX. Bibliografía

CAPÍTULO IX. Bibliografía

1. Grupo de trabajo para la actualización del Manual de Elaboración de GPC. Elaboración de Guías de Práctica Clínica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Actualización del Manual Metodológico [Internet]. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad; Zaragoza: Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 2016 [Consultado el 06/06/2016]. Disponible en: http://portal.guiasalud.es/emanuales/elaboracion_2/.

2. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Atkins D, Brozek J, Vist G, et al. GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:395-400.

3. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:401-6.

4. Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Alderson P, Dahm P, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:719-25.

5. Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Dellinger P, Schünemann H, Levy MM, Kunz R, et al; GRADE Working Group. Use of GRADE grid to reach decisions on clinical practice guidelines when consensus is elusive. BMJ. 2008;337:a744.

6. Rodríguez Hernández JA, González Parra E, Julián Gutiérrez JM, Segarra Medrano A, Almirante B, Martínez MT, et al; Sociedad Española de Nefrología. Vascular access guidelines for hemodialysis. Nefrología. 2005;25 (Suppl 1):3-97.

7. Lok CE, Foley R. Vascular access morbidity and mortality: trends of the last decade. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1213-9.

8. Reinhold C, Haage P, Hollenbeck M, Mickley V, Ranft J. Multidisciplinary management of vascular access for haemodialysis: from the preparation of the initial access to the treatment of stenosis and thrombosis. VASA. 2011;40:188-98.

9. Dwyer A, Shelton P, Brier M, Aronoff G. A vascular access coordinator improves the prevalent fistula rate. Semin Dial. 2012;25:239-43.

10. NFK/DOQI. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48 (Suppl 1):S176-273.

11. 2012 DOPPS Annual Report [Consultado el 17/07/2014]. Disponible en: http://www.dopps.org/annualreport/

12. Malovrh M. How to increase the use of native arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis. Prilozi. 2011;32:53-65.

13. Fluck R, Kumwenda M. Renal Association Clinical Practice Guideline on vascular access for haemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;118 (Suppl 1):c225-40.

14. Tordoir J, Canaud B, Haage P, Konner K, Basci A, Fouque D, et al. EBPG on Vascular Access. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22 (Suppl 2): ii88-117.

15. Jindal K, Chan CT, Deziel C, Hirsch D, Soroka SD, Tonelli M, et al; Canadian Society of Nephrology Committee for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hemodialysis clinical practice guidelines for the Canadian Society of Nephrology. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(3 Suppl 1):S1-27.

16. Malovrh M. Approach to patients with end-stage renal disease who need an arteriovenous fistula. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18 (Suppl 5):v50-2.

17. Hernández Meca ME, Vinagre Rea GM, Miranda Camarero MV. Valoración de enfermería al paciente con ERCA. En: Crespo Montero R, Casas Cuesta R, editores. Procedimientos y protocolos con competencias específicas para enfermería nefrológica. Sociedad española de enfermería nefrológica. 1.ª ed, Madrid: Aula Médica; 2013. p 23-25.

18. Bradbury BD, Fissell RB, Albert JM, Anthony MS, Critchlow CW, Pisoni RL, et al. Predictors of early mortality among incident US hemodialysis patients in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:89-99.

19. Martínez-Castelao A, Górriz JL, Segura-de la Morena J, Cebollada J, Escalada J, Esmatjes E, et al. Consensus document for the detection and management of chronic kidney disease. Nefrología. 2014;34:243-62.

20. Green D, Ritchie JP, New DI, Kalra PA. How accurately do nephrologists predict the need for dialysis within one year? Nephron Clin Pract. 2012;122:102-6.

21. O’Hare AM, Bertenthal D, Walter LC, Garg AX, Covinsky K, Kaufman JS, et al. When to refer patients with chronic kidney disease for vascular access surgery: should age be a consideration? Kidney Int. 2007;71:555-61.

22. Morton RL, Tong A, Howard K, Snelling P, Webster AC. The views of patients and carers in treatment decision making for chronic kidney disease: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. BMJ. 2010;340:c112.

23. Lewis AL, Stabler KA, Welch JL. Perceived informational needs, problems, or concerns among patients with stage 4 chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Nurs J. 2010;37:143-8.

24. Richard CJ, Engebretson J. Negotiating living with an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. Nephrol Nurs J. 2010;37:363-74.

25. Xi W, MacNab J, Lok CE, Lee TC, Maya ID, Mokrzycki MH, et al. Who should be referred for a fistula? A survey of nephrologists. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:2644-51.

26. Xi W, Harwood L, Diamant MJ, Brown JB, Gallo K, Sontrop JM, et al. Patient attitudes towards the arteriovenous fistula: a qualitative study on vascular access decision making. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:3302-8.

27. Mollicone D, Pulliam J, Lacson E Jr. The culture of education in a large dialysis organization: informing patient-centered decision making on treatment options for renal replacement therapy. Semin Dial. 2013;26:143-7.

28. Quinn RR, Lamping DL, Lok CE, Meyer RA, Hiller JA, Lee J, et al. The Vascular Access Questionnaire: assessing patient-reported views of vascular access. J Vasc Access. 2008;9:122-8.

29. Rehman R, Schmidt RJ, Moss AH. Ethical and legal obligation to avoid long-term tunneled catheter access. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:456-60.

30. Ohira S, Naito H, Amano I, Azuma N, Ikeda K, Kukita K, et al. 2005 Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy guidelines for vascular access construction and repair for chronic hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial. 2006;10:449-62.

31. Farooq Z, Mehmood A, Saeed S, Raja KM, Khan MN, Murtaza B. Early versus late arterio-venous fistulae: impact on failure rate. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2010;22:179-81.

32. Pisoni RL, Zepel L, Port FK, Robinson BM. Trends in US Vascular Access Use, Patient Preferences, and Related Practices: An Update From the US DOPPS Practice Monitor With International Comparisons. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015 Jun;65(6):905-1.

33. Inaguma D, Ando R, Ikeda M, Joki N, Koiwa F, Komatsu Y, et al. Nephrologist care for 12 months or more increases hemodialysis initiation with permanent vascular access. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011;15:738-44.

34. Astor BC, Eustace JA, Powe NR, Klag MJ, Sadler JH, Fink NE, et al. Timing of nephrologist referral and arteriovenous access use: the CHOICE Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:494-501.

35. Chen SC, Hwang SJ, Tsai JC, Liu WC, Hwang SC, Chou MC, et al. Early nephrology referral is associated with prolonged survival in hemodialysis patients even after exclusion of lead-time bias. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339:123-6.

36. Laris-González A, Madero-Rovalo M, Pérez-Grovas H, Franco-Guevara M, Obrador-Vera GT. Prevalence, risk factors and consequences of late nephrology referral. Rev Invest Clin. 2011;63:31-8.

37. Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L, Collins JF, Craig JC, Dempster J, et al. The Initiating Dialysis Early and Late (IDEAL) study: study rationale and design. Perit Dial Int. 2004;24:176-81.

38. Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L, Collins JF, Craig JC, Fraenkel MB, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:609-9.

39. Rosansky SJ, Eggers P, Jackson K, Glassock R, Clark WF. Early start of hemodialysis may be harmful. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:396-403.

40. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2013;3.

41. Camblor-Santervás LA, Menéndez-Herrero MA, Carreño-Morrondo JA, Llaneza-Coto JM, Rodríguez-Olay J. Estudio preoperatorio del paciente: examen físico y pruebas de imagen. Angiología. 2005;57 (Supl 2):23-34.

42. Ferring M, Henderson J, Wilmink A, Smith S. Vascular ultrasound for the pre-operative evaluation prior to arteriovenous fistula formation for haemodialysis: review of the evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:1809-15.

43. Wong CS, McNicholas N, Healy D, Clarke-Moloney M, Coffey JC, Grace PA, et al. A systematic review of preoperative duplex ultrasonography and arteriovenous fistula formation. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57:1129-33.

44. Mihmanli I, Besirli K, Kurugoglu S, Atakir K, Haider S, Ogut G, et al. Cephalic vein and hemodialysis fistula: surgeon’s observation versus color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20:217-22.

45. Nursal TZ, Oguzkurt L, Tercan F, Torer N, Noyan T, Karakayali H, et al. Is routine preoperative ultrasonographic mapping for arteriovenous fistula creation necessary in patients with favorable physical examination findings? Results of a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2006;30:1100-7.

46. Ferring M, Claridge M, Smith SA, Wilmink T. Routine preoperative vascular ultrasound improves patency and use of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: a randomized trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:2236-4.

47. Georgiadis GS, Charalampidis DG, Argyriou C, Georgakarakos EI, Lazarides MK. The necessity for routine pre-operative ultrasound mapping before arteriovenous fistula creation: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;49:600-5.

48. Kosa SD, Al-Jaishi AA, Moist L, Lok CE. Preoperative vascular access evaluation for haemodialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD007013.

49. Smith GE, Gohil R, Chetter IC. Factors affecting the patency of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55:849-55.

50. Ku YM, Kim YO, Kim JI, Choi YJ, Yoon SA, Kim YS, et al. Ultrasonographic measurement of intima-media thickness of radial artery in pre-dialysis uraemic patients: comparison with histological examination. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:715-20.

51. Planken RN, Keuter XH, Hoeks AP, Kooman JP, Van der Sande FM, Kessels AG, et al. Diameter measurements of the forearm cephalic vein prior to vascular access creation in end-stage renal disease patients: graduated pressure cuff versus tourniquet vessel dilatation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:802-6.

52. Ibeas J, Vallespin J. Ecografía del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis: conceptos teóricos y prácticos. Criterios Nefrologia Sup Ext. 2012;3:21-35.

53. Lauvao LS, Ihnat DM, Goshima KR, Chávez L, Gruessner AC, Mills JL Sr. Vein diameter is the major predictor of fistula maturation. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49:1499-504.

54. Glass C, Porter J, Singh M, Gillespie D, Young K, Illig K. A Large-Scale Study of the upper arm basilic transposition for hemodialysis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2009;24:85-91.

55. Khavanin Zadeh M, Gholipour F, Naderpour Z, Porfakharan M. Relationship between vessel diameter and time to maturation of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis access. Int J Nephrol. 2012;2012:94250.

56. Parmar J, Aslam M, Standfield N. Pre-operative radial arterial diameter predicts early failure of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for haemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33:113-5.

57. Korten E, Toonder IM, Schrama YC, Hop WC, Van der Ham AC, Wittens CH. Dialysis fistulae patency and preoperative diameter ultrasound measurements. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33:467-71.

58. Wong V, Ward R, Taylor J, Selvakumar S, How TV, Bakran A. Factors associated with early failure of arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1996;12:207-13.

59. Feldman HI, Joffe M, Rosas SE, Burns JE, Knauss J, Brayman K. Predictors of successful arteriovenous fistula maturation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:1000-12.

60. Malovrh M. Non-invasive evaluation of vessels by duplex sonography prior to construction of arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13:125-9.

61. Silva MB Jr, Hobson RW 2nd, Pappas PJ, Jamil Z, Araki CT, Goldberg MC, et al. A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27:302-7.

62. Hamish M, Geddoa E, Reda A, Kambal A, Zarka A, Altayar A, et al. Relationship between vessel size and vascular access patency based on preoperatively ultrasound Doppler. Int Surg. 2008;93:6-14.

63. Ascher E, Gade P, Hingorani A, Mazzariol F, Gunduz Y, Fodera M, et al. Changes in the practice of angioaccess surgery: impact of dialysis outcome and quality initiative recommendations. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31(1 Pt 1):84-92.

64. Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Antoniou GA, Staramos DN. A meta-analysis of dialysis access outcome in elderly patients. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:420-6.

65. Allon M, Lockhart ME, Lilly RZ, Gallichio MH, Young CJ, Barker J, et al. Effect of preoperative sonographic mapping on vascular access outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;60:2013-20.

66. Rooijens PP, Tordoir JH, Stijnen T, Burgmans JP, Smet de AA, Yo TI. Radiocephalic wrist arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis: meta-analysis indicates a high primary failure rate. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;28:583-9.

67. Konner K, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Roys EC, Port FK. Tailoring the initial vascular access for dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2002;62:329-38.

68. Sedlacek M, Teodorescu V, Falk A, Vassalotti JA, Uribarri J. Hemodialysis access placement with preoperative noninvasive vascular mapping: comparison between patients with and without diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:560-4.

69. Culp K, Flanigan M, Taylor L, Rothstein M. Vascular access thrombosis in new hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;26:341-6.

70. Puskar D, Pasini J, Savic I, Bedalov G, Sonicki Z. Survival of primary arteriovenous fistula in 463 patients on chronic hemodialysis. Croat Med J. 2002;43:306-11.

71. Monroy-Cuadros M, Yilmaz S, Salazar-Bañuelos A, Doig C. Risk factors associated with patency loss of hemodialysis vascular access within 6 months. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1787-92.

72. Gheith OA, Kamal MM. Risk factors of vascular access failure in patients on hemodialysis. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2008;2:201-7.

73. Erkut B, Unlü Y, Ceviz M, Becit N, Ates A, Colak A, et al. Primary arteriovenous fistulas in the forearm for hemodialysis: effect of miscellaneous factors in fistula patency. Ren Fail. 2006;28:275-81.

74. Vassalotti JA, Falk A, Cohl ED, Uribarri J, Teodorescu V. Obese and non-obese hemodialysis patients have a similar prevalence of functioning arteriovenous fistula using pre-operative vein mapping. Clin Nephrol. 2002;58:211-4.

75. Bojakowski K, Dzabic M, Kurzejamska E, Styczynski G, Andziak P, Gaciong Z, et al. A high red blood cell distribution width predicts failure of arteriovenous fistula. PLoS One. 2012;7:e36482.

76. Ravari H, Kazemzade GH, Sarookhani A, Khashayar P. Effect of heparin on the patency of arteriovenous fistula. Acta Med Iran. 2008;46:379-82.

77. Bhomi KK, Shrestha S, Bhattachan CL. Role of systemic anticoagulation in patients undergoing vascular access surgery. Nepal Med Coll J. 2008;10:222-4.

78. Lok CE, Allon M, Moist L, Oliver MJ, Shah H, Zimmerman D. Risk equation determining unsuccessful cannulation events and failure to maturation in arteriovenous fistulas (REDUCE FTM I). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:3204-12.

79. Lilly MP, Lynch JR, Wish JB, Huff ED, Chen SC, Armistead NC, et al. Prevalence of arteriovenous fistulas in incident hemodialysis patients: correlation with patient factors that may be associated with maturation failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;59:541-9.

80. Rosas SE, Joffe M, Burns JE, Knauss J, Brayman K, Feldman HI. Determinants of successful synthetic hemodialysis vascular access graft placement. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37:1036-42.

81. Shenoy S, Darcy M. Ultrasound as a tool for preoperative planning, monitoring, and interventions in dialysis arteriovenous access. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:W539-43.

82. Lin PH, Bush RL, Chen C, Lumsden AB. What is new in the preoperative evaluation of arteriovenous access operation? Semin Vasc Surg. 2004;17:57-63.

83.Lampropoulos G, Papadoulas S, Katsimperis G, Ieronimaki AI, Karakantza M, Kakkos SK, et al. Preoperative evaluation for vascular access creation. Vascular. 2009;17:74-82.

84. Wiese P, Nonnast-Daniel B. Colour Doppler ultrasound in dialysis access. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:1956-63.

85. Rocha A, Silva F, Queirós J, Malheiro J, Cabrita A. Predictors of steal syndrome in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2012;16:539-44.

86. Leon C, Asif A. Arteriovenous access and hand pain: the distal hypoperfusion ischemic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:175-83.

87. Tordoir JHM, Dammers R, Van der Sande FM. Upper extremity ischemia and hemodialysis vascular access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2004;27:1-5.

87a. Anaya-Ayala JE, Pettigrew CD, Ismail N, Díaz-De Sollano AL, Syed FA, Ahmed FG, et al Management of dialysis access-associated “steal” syndrome with DRILL procedure: challenges and clinical outcomes. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:299-304.

87b. Beathard GA, Spergel LM. Hand ischemia associated with dialysis vascular access: an individualized access flow-based approach to therapy. Semin Dial. 2013;26:287-314.

88. Malik J, Tuka V, Kasalova Z, Chytilova E, Slavikova M, Clagett P, et al. Understanding the dialysis access steal syndrome. A review of the etiologies, diagnosis, prevention and treatment strategies. J Vasc Access. 2008;9:155-66.

89. Van Hoek F, Scheltinga MR, Kouwenberg I, Moret KEM, Beerenhout CH, Tordoir JHM. Steal in hemodialysis patients depends on type of vascular access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:710-7.

90. Zamani P, Kaufman J, Kinlay S. Ischemic steal syndrome following arm arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. Vasc Med. 2009;14:371-6.

91. Lazarides MK, Staramos DN, Kopadis G, Maltezos C, Tzilalis VD, Georgiadis GS. Onset of arterial ‘steal’ following proximal angioaccess: immediate and delayed types. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:2387-90.

92. Davidson D, Louridas G, Guzman R, Tanner J, Weighell W, Spelay J, et al. Steal syndrome complicating upper extremity hemoaccess procedures: incidence and risk factors. Can J Surg. 2003;46:408-12.

93. Huber TS, Carter JW, Carter RL, Seeger JM. Patency of autogenous and polytetrafluoroethylene upper extremity arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses: A systematic review. J Vasc Surg. 2003;38:1005-11.

194. Al-Jaishi AA, Oliver MJ, Thomas SM, Lok CE, Zhang JC, Garg AX, et al. Patency rates of the arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63:464-78.

195. Gruss E, Portolés J, Tato A, Hernández T, López-Sánchez P, Velayos P, et al. Clinical and economic repercussions of the use of tunneled haemodialysis catheters in a health area. Nefrologia. 2009;29:123-9.

196. Ravani P, Palmer SC, Oliver MJ, Quinn RR, MacRae JM, Tai DJ, et al. Associations between hemodialysis access type and clinical outcomes: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:465-73.

97. Nassar GM, Ayus JC. Infectious complications of the hemodialysis access. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1-13.

98. The Cost Effectiveness of Alternative Types of Vascular access and the Economic Cost of ESRD. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (MD); 1995. p. 139-57.

99. Weiswasser JM, Kellicut D, Arora S, Sidawy AN. Strategies of arteriovenous dialysis access. Seminars Vasc Surg. 2004;1:10-8.

100. Mackrell PJ. Comprehensive Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. St. Louis (Miss): Mosby-Elsevier Id.; 2004. p. 361-90.

101. Ascher E, Hingorani A. The dialysis outcome and quality initiative (DOQI) recommendations. Seminars Vasc Surg. 2004;1:3-9.

102. Butterly D, Schwab SJ. The case against chronic venous hemodialysis access. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2195-7.

103. Fissell RB, Fuller DS, Morgenstern H, Gillespie BW, Mendelssohn DC, Rayner HC, et al. Hemodialysis patient preference for type of vascular access: variation and predictors across countries in the DOPPS. J Vasc Access. 2013;14:264-72.

104. Castledine C, Van Schalkwyk D, Feest T. UK Renal Registry 13th Annual Report (December 2010): Chapter 7: the relationship between the type of vascular access used and survival in UK RRT patients in 2006. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;119 (Suppl 2):c135-40.

105. Campbell DA Jr. En: Ernst CB, Stanley JC, editors. Current Therapy in Vascular Surgery. St. Louis (Miss): Mosby Inc.; 2001. p. 803-6.

106. Huber TS, Ozaki CK, Flynn TC, Lee WA, Berceli SA, Hirneise CM, et al. Prospective validation of an algorithm to maximize native arteriovenous fistulae for chronic hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:452-9.

107. Malovrh M. Native arteriovenous fistula: Preoperative evaluation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:1218-25.

108. Gelabert HA. En: Rutherford RB, editor. Vascular Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 2000. p. 1466-77.

109. Konner K, Nonnast-Daniel B, Ritz E. The arteriovenous fistula. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:1669-80.

110. Bhalodia R, Allon M, Hawxby A, Maya ID. Comparison of radiocephalic fistulas placed in the proximal forearm and in the wrist. Semin Dial. 2011;24:355-7.

111. Sidawy AN, Spergel LM, Besarab A, Allon M, Jennings WC, Padberg FT Jr, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery: clinical practice guidelines for the surgical placement and maintenance of arteriovenous hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:2S-25S.

112. Ernandez T, Saudan P, Berney T, Merminod T, Bednarkiewicz M, Martin PY. Risk factors for early failure of native arteriovenous fistulas. Nephron Clin Pract. 2005;101:c39-44.

113. Jennings WC. Creating arteriovenous fistulas in 132 consecutives patients: exploiting the proximal radial artery arteriovenous fistula: reliable, safe and simple forearm and upper arm hemodialysis access. Arch Surg. 2006;141:27-32.

114. Wolowczyk L, Williams AJ, Donovan KL, Gibbons CP. The snuffbox arteriovenous fistula for vascular access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2000;19:70-6.

115. Silva MB Jr, Hobson RW 2nd, Pappas PJ, Haser PB, Araki CT, Goldberg MC, et al. Vein transposition in the forearm for autogenous hemodialysis Access. J Vasc Surg. 1997;26:981-8.

116. Silva MB Jr, Hobson RW 2nd, Pappas PJ, Jamil Z, Araki CT, Goldberg MC, et al. A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access: Impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27:302-7.

117. Hossny A. Brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula: different surgical techniques and their effect on fistula patency and dialysis-related complications. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37:821-6.

118. Gracz KC, Ing TS, Soung LS, Armbruster KFW, Seim SK, Merkel FK. Proximal forearm fistula for maintenance hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1977;11:71-4.

119. Shenoy S. Surgical anatomy of upper arm: what is needed for AVF planning. J Vasc Access. 2009;10:223-32.

120. Bender MHM, Bruyninckx CMA, Gerlag PG. The brachiocephalic elbow fistula: a useful alternative angioaccess for permanent hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg. 1994;220:808-13.

121. Bonforte G, Rossi E, Auricchio S, Pogliani D, Mangano S, Mandolfo S, et al. The middle-arm fistula as a valuable surgical approach in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Vasc Surg. 2010;52:1151-6.

122. Jennings WC, Taubman KE. Alternative autogenous arteriovenous hemodialysis Access options. Semin Vasc Surg. 2011;24:72-81.

123. Gefen JY, Fox D, Giangola G, Ewing DR, Meisels IS. The transposed forearm loop arteriovenous fistula: a valuable option for primary hemodialysis Access in diabetic patients. Ann Vas Surg. 2002;16:89-94.

124. Rial R, Aroca M, Sánchez L, Serrano FJ. Valvulotomía retrógrada de la vena cefálica. Una nueva técnica de fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis. Clinics Cardiovascular. 1995;13.

125. Hull JE, Makhoul RG, Snyder JF. Percutaneous valvulotomy as an alternative to transposition of a brachiocephalic fistula. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25:144-7.

126. Arenas MD, Gil MT, Malek T, Moledous A, Núñez C, López-Collado M. Superficialización de accesos venosos autólogos: una alternativa al uso de prótesis vasculares y catéteres permanentes. Nefrología. 2009;29:67-70.

127. Tan TW, Farber A. Brachial-basilic autogenous access. Semin Vasc Surg. 2011;24:63-71.

128. Dukkipati R, De Virgilio C, Reynolds T, Dhamija R. Outcomes of brachial artery-basilic vein fistula. Semin Dial. 2011;24:220-30.

129. Casey K, Tonnessen BH, Mannava K, Noll R, Money SR, Sternbergh WC 3rd. Brachial versus basilic vein dialysis fistulas: a comparison of maturation and patency rates. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:402-6.

130. Torina PJ, Westheimer EF, Schanzer HR. Brachial vein transposition arteriovenous fistula: is it an acceptable option for chronic dialysis vascular access? J Vasc Access. 2008;9:39-44.

131. Lioupis C, Mistry H, Chandak P, Tyrrell M, Valenti D. Autogenous brachial-brachial fistula for vein access. Haemodynamic factors predicting outcome and 1 year clinical data. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;38:770-6.

132. Urbanes AQ. Interventional nephrology: When should you consider a graft. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1228-33.

133. Jacob A. Akoh prosthetic arteriovenous grafts for hemodialysis. J Vasc Access. 2009;10:137-47.

134. Keuter XH, De Smet AA, Kessels AG, Van der Sande FM, Welten RJ, Tordoir JH. A randomized multicenter study of the outcome of brachial-basilic arteriovenous fistula and prosthetic brachial-antecubital forearm loop as vascular access for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:395-401.

135. Morosetti M, Cipriani S, Dominijanni S, Pisani G, Frattarelli D, Bruno F. Basilic vein transposition versus biosynthetic prosthesis as vascular access for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:1713-9.

136. Sgroi MD, Patel MS, Wilson SE, Jennings WC, Blebea J, Huber TS. The optimal initial choice for permanent arteriovenous hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2013;58:539-48.

137. Vascular Access Society [Internet]. Maastricht: Vascular Access Society; c 2016 [consultado el 24/01/2016] Guidelines. Disponible en: http://www.vascularaccesssociety.com/intro/guidelines

138. Scher LA, Katzman HE. Alternative graft materials for hemodialysis Access. Seminars Vasc Surg. 2004;17:19-24.

139. Aitken EL, Jackson AJ, Kingsmore DB. Early cannulation prosthetic graft (Acuseal™) for arteriovenous access: a useful option to provide a personal vascular access solution. J Vasc Access. 2014;15:481-5.

140. Palumbo R, Niscola P, Calabria S, Fierimonte S, Bevilacqua M, Scaramucci L, et al. Long-term favorable results by arteriovenous graft with Omniflow II prosthesis for hemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2009;113:c76-80.

141. Montreuil B, Leblanc M. Vascular and peritoneal access. En: ACS Surgery: Principles and Practice. New York: Ed WebMD, Inc.; 2007. p. 1-26.

142. Polo JR, Ligero JM, Díaz-Cartelle J, García-Pajares R, Cervera T, Reparaz L. Randomized comparison of 6-mm straight grafts versus 6- to 8-mm tapered grafts for brachialaxillary dialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:319-24.

143. Steerman SN, Wagner J, Higgings JA, Kim C, Mirza A, Pavela J, et al. Outcomes comparison of Hero and lower extremity grafts in patients with long standing renal failure. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57:776-83.

144. Jakimowicz T, Galazka Z, Grochowiecki T, Nazarewski S, Szmidt J. Vascular access for haemodialysis in patients with central vein thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011;42:842-9.

145. Chemla ES, Morsy M, Anderson L, Makanjuola D. Complex bypasses and fistulas for difficult hemodialysis access: a prospective, single-center experience. Semin Dial. 2006;19:246-50.

146. Niyyar VD. Anterior chest wall arteriovenous grafts: an underutilized form of hemodialysis access. Semin Dial. 2008;21:578-80.

147. Morsy MA, Khan A, Chemla ES. Prosthetic axillary-axillary arteriovenous straight access (necklace graft) for difficult hemodialysis patients: A prospective single-center experience. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:1251-4.

148. Hamish M, Shalhoub J, Rodd CD, Davies AH. Axillo-iliac conduit for haemodialysis vascular access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31:530-4.

149. Calder FR, Chemla ES, Anderson L, Chang RW. The axillary artery-popliteal vein extended polytetrafluoroethylene graft: a new technique for the complicated dialysis access patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:998-1000.

150. El-Sabrout RA, Duncan JM. Right atrial bypass grafting for central venous obstruction associated with dialysis access: Another treatment option. J Vasc Surg. 1999;29:472-8.

151. Karp SJ, Hawxby A, Burdick JF. Axillorenal arteriovenous graft: A new approach for dialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2004;40:379-80.

152. Koksoy C, Demirci RK, Balci D, Solak T, Köse SK. Brachiobasilic versus brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula: a prospective randomized study. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49:171-7.

153. Coburn MC, Carney WI Jr. Comparison of basilic vein and polytetrafluoroethylene for brachial arteriovenous fistula. J Vasc Surg. 1994;20:896-902; discussion 903-4.

154. Kakkos SK, Andrzejewski T, Haddad JA, Haddad GK, Reddy DJ, Nypaver TJ, et al. Equivalent secondary patency rates of upper extremity Vectra Vascular Access Grafts and transposed brachial-basilic fistulas with aggressive access surveillance and endovascular treatment. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:407-14.

155. Hakaim AG, Nalbandian M, Scott T. Superior maturation and patency of primary brachiocephalic and transposed basilic vein arteriovenous fistulae in patients with diabetes. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27:154-7.

156. Woo K, Farber A, Doros G, Killeen K, Kohanzadeh S. Evaluation of the efficacy of the transposed upper arm arteriovenous fistula: a single institutional review of 190 basilic and cephalic vein transposition procedures. J Vasc Surg. 2007;46:94-9; discussion 100.

157. Oliver MJ, McCann RL, Indridason OS, Butterly DW, Schwab SJ. Comparison of transposed brachiobasilic fistulas to upper arm grafts and brachiocephalic fistulas. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1532-9.

158. Pflederer TA, Kwok S, Ketel BL, Pilgram T. A comparison of transposed brachiobasilic fistulae with nontransposed fistulae and grafts in the fistula first era. Semin Dial. 2008;21:357-63.

159. Maya ID, O’Neal JC, Young CJ, Barker-Finkel J, Allon M. Outcomes of brachiocephalic fistulas, transposed brachiobasilic fistulas, and upper arm grafts. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:86-92.

160. El Mallah S. Staged basilic vein transposition for dialysis angioaccess. Int Angiol. 1998;17:65-8.

161. Ozcan S, Gür AK, Yener AU, Odabasi D. Comparison of one- and two-stage basilic vein transposition for arterio-venous fistula formation in haemodialysis patients: preliminary results. Cardiovasc J Africa. 2013;24:364-8.

162. Kakkos SK, Haddad GK, Weaver MR, Haddad RK, Scully MM. Basilic vein transposition: what is the optimal technique? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;39:612-9.

163. Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Papasideris CP, Trellopoulos G, Tzilalis VD. Transposed brachial-basilic arteriovenous fistulas versus prosthetic upper limb grafts: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Surg. 2008;36:597-601.

164. Hernando Rydings M, Moñux-Ducaju G, Martínez-López I, Rial-Horcajo R, Martínez-Izquierdo A, González-Sánchez S, et al. ¿Está justificado el seguimiento ecográfico de las fístulas arteriovenosas protésicas húmero-axilares para hemodiálisis? Nefrología. 2012;32:523-8.

165. Chiang N, Hulme KR, Haggart PC, Vasudevan T. Comparison of FLIXENE™ and standard PTFE arteriovenous graft for early haemodialysis. J Vasc Access. 2014;15:116-22.

166. Mousa AY, Patterson W, Abu-Halimah S, Hass SM, Alhabouni S, Sadek BT, et al. Patency in arteriovenous grafts in hemodialysis patients. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2013;47:438-43.

167. Jiménez-Almonacid P, Gruss E, Jiménez-Toscano M, Lasala M, Rueda JA, Vega L, et al. Multidisciplinary approach to hemodialysis graft dysfunction and thrombosis. Nefrología. 2013;33:692-8.

168. Allemang MT, Schmotzer B, Wong VL, Chang A, Lakin RO, Woodside KJ, et al. Heparin bonding does not improve patency of polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts. Ann Vasc Surg. 2014;28:28-34.

169. Charlton-Ouw KM, Nosrati N, Miller CC 3rd, Coogan SM, Safi HJ, Azizzadeh A. Outcomes of arteriovenous fistulae compared with heparin-bonded and conventional grafts for hemodialysis access. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:163-7.

170. Lee HW, Allon M. When should a patient receive an arteriovenous graft rather than a fistula? Semin Dial. 2013;26:6-10.

171. Dember LM, Beck GJ, Allon M, Delmez JA, Dixon BS, Greenberg A, et al; Dialysis Access Consortium Study Group. Effect of clopidogrel on early failure of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:2164-71.

172. Allon M, Lok CE. Dialysis fistula or graft: the role for randomized clinical trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:2348-54.

173. Antoniou GA, Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Sfyroeras GS, Nikolopoulos ES, Giannoukas AD. Lower-extremity arteriovenous access for haemodialysis: a systematic review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;38:365-72.

174. Miller CD, Robbin ML, Barker J, Allon M. Comparison of arteriovenous grafts in the thigh and upper extremities in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2942-7.

175. Harish A, Allon M. Arteriovenous graft infection: a comparison of thigh and upper extremity grafts. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1739-43.

176. Katzman HE, McLafferty RB, Ross JR, Glickman MH, Peden EK, Lawson JH. Initial experience and outcome of a new hemodialysis access device for catheter-dependent patients. J Vasc Surg. 2009;50:600-7. e1.

177. Al Shakarchi J, Houston JG, Jones RG, Inston N. A review on the hemodialysis reliable outflow (HeRO) graft for haemodialysis vascular access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50:108-13.

178. Kudlaty EA, Pan J, Allemang MT, Kendrick DE, Kashyap VS, Wong VL. The end stage of dialysis access: femoral graft or HeRO vascular access device. Ann Vasc Surg. 2015;29:90-7.

179. Létourneau I, Ouimet D, Dumont M, Pichette V, Leblanc M. Renal replacement in end-stage renal disease patients over 75 years old. Am J Nephrol. 2003;23:71-7.

180. Vachharajani TJ, Moossavi S, Jordan JR, Vachharajani V, Freedman BI, Burkart JM. Re-evaluating the fistula first initiative in octogenarians on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1663-7.

181. DeSilva RN, Sandhu GS, Garg J, Goldfarb-Rumyantzev AS. Association between initial type of hemodialysis access used in the elderly and mortality. Hemodial Int. 2012;16:233-41.

182. Zibari GB, Gadallah MF, Landreneau M, Mc Millan R, Bridges RM, Costley K, et al. Preoperative vancomycin prophylaxis decreases incidence of postoperative hemodialysis vascular access infections. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30:343-8.

183. Díaz Romero F, Polo JR, Lorenzo V. Accesos vasculares subcutáneos. En: Lorenzo V, Torres A, Hernández D, Ayus JC, editores. Manual de Nefrología. Madrid: Elsevier Science, Ediciones Harcourt; 2002. p. 371-84.

184. Martínez Izquierdo A, Moñux Ducaju G, Martínez López I, Sánchez Hervas L, Serrano Hernando FJ. Valor pronóstico de la flujometría intraoperatoria en las fístulas nativas para hemodiálisis. Angiología. 2010;62:97-102.

185. Mestres G, Fontseré N, Campelos P, Maduell F, Riambau V. Intra-operative factors predicting 1-month arteriovenous fistula thrombosis. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:193-97.

186. Andrés J. Accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis. En: Andrés J, Fortuny J, editores. Cuidados de enfermería en la insuficiencia renal. Madrid: Gallery Healthcomm; 1993. p. 145-71.

187. Tordoir JH, Rooyens P, Dammers R, Van der Sande FM, De Haan M, Yo TI. Prospective evaluation of failure modes in autogenous radiocephalic wrist access for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:378-83.

188. Lin SL, Huang CH, Chen HS, Hsu WA, Yen CJ, Yen TS. Effect of age and diabetes on blood flow rate and primary outcome of newly created hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. Am J Nephrol. 1998;18:96-100.

189. Monroy-Cuadros M, Yilmaz S, Salazar Bañuelos A, Doig C. Independent prediction factors for primary patency loss in arteriovenous grafts within six months. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:29-35.

190. Achner HE, Silesi B, Li M, Partington EJ, Peterson DA, Lawson JH. Surgical aspects and biological considerations of arteriovenous fistula placement. Semin Dial. 2010;23:25-33.

191. Brazález M, Machi MM, Rollán de la Sota MJ. Cuidados de enfermería pre y post quirúrgico del paciente hospitalizado para la realización de FAV. En: Crespo R, Casas R, editores. Procedimientos y protocolos con competencias específicas para Enfermería Nefrológica. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (SEDEN); 2013. p. 29-30.

192. Stevenson KB, Hannah EL, Lowder CA, Adcox MJ, Davidson RL, Mallea MC, et al Epidemiology of hemodialysis vascular access infection from longitudinal infection surveillance data: predicting the impact of NKF-DOQI clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:549-55.

193. Martínez-Gallardo R, Ferreira-Morong F, García-Pino G, Cerezo-Arias I, Hernández-Gallego R, Caravaca F. Congestive heart failure in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease:association with pre-emptive vascular access placement. Nefrología. 2012;32:208-12.

194. Basile C, Lomonte C, Vernaglione L, Casucci F, Antonelli M, Losurdo N. The relationship between the flow of arteriovenous fistula and cardiac output in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:282-7.

195. Leaf DA, MacRae HS, Grant E, Kraut J. Isometric exercise increases the size of forearm veins in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Med Sci. 2003;325:115-9.

196. Oder TF, Teodorescu V, Uribarri J. Effect of exercise on the diameter of arteriovenous fistulae in hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J. 2003;49:554-5.

197. Uy AL, Jindal RM, Herndon TW, Yuan CM, Abbott KC, Hurst FP. Impact of isometric handgrip exercises on cephalic vein diameter in non-AVF candidates, a pilot study. J Vasc Access. 2013;14:157-63.

198. Salimi F, Majd Nassiri G, Moradi M, Keshavarzian A, Farajzadegan Z, Saleki M, et al Assessment of effects of upper extremity exercise with arm tourniquet on maturity of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients. J Vasc Access. 2013;14:239-44.

199. Fontseré N, Mestres G, Yugueros X, López T, Yuguero A, Bermúdez P, et al Effect of a postoperative exercise program on arteriovenous fistula maturation: A randomized controlled trial. Hemodial Int. 2016;20:306-14.

200. Saran R, Dykstra DM, Pisoni RL, Akiba T, Akizawa T, Canaud B, et al Timing of first cannulation and vascular access failure in haemodialysis an analysis of practice patterns at dialysis facilities in the DOPPS. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:2334-40.

201. Rayner HC, Pisoni RL, Gillespie BW, Goodkin DA, Akiba T, Akizawa T, et al; Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Creation, cannulation and survival of arteriovenous fistulae: data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int. 2003;63:323-30.

202. Brunori G, Ravani P, Mandolfo S, Imbasciati E, Malberti F, Cancarini G. Fistula maturation: doesn’t time matter at all? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:684-7.

203. Basile C, Casucci F, Lomonte C. Timing of first cannulation of arteriovenous fistula: time matters, but there is also something else. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:1519-20.

204. Asif A, Leon C, Orozco-Vargas LC, Krishnamurthy G, Choi KL, Mercado C, et al Accuracy of physical examination in the detection of arteriovenous fistula stenosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:1191-4.

205. Schuman E, Ronfeld A, Barclay C, Heinl P. Comparison of clinical assessment with ultrasound flow for hemodialysis access surveillance. Arch Surg. 2007;142:1129-33.

206. Gauly A, Parisotto MT, Skinder A, Schoder V, Furlan A, Schuh E, Marcelli D. Vascular access cannulation in hemodialysis patients - a survey of current practice and its relation to dialysis dose. J Vasc Access. 2011;12:358-64.

207. Van Loon MM. Cannulation practice and com­plications in hemodialysis vascular access [Tesis]. Maastricht: Universidad de Maastrich; 2011. Disponible en: http://digitalarchive.maastrichtuniversity.nl/fedora/get/guid:4fc56606-e6e1-4c77-90a6-f3b1e54267a8/ASSET1

208. Lee T, Barker J, Allon M. Needle infiltration of arteriovenous fistulae in hemodialysis: risk factors and consequences. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47:1020-6.

209. Darbas R, Cabot K, Balada C, Tinto G, Taboada MJ, Domínguez C, et al Punción del acceso vascular mediante catéter-fístula: efecto sobre el dolor del paciente y la adecuación de hemodiálisis. Enferm Nefrol. 2015;18:163-7.

210. Martínez O, Rodríguez J, Ruiz B, Martín JA, Mérida E. Catéter-fístula: una nueva alternativa en la punción de accesos vasculares. Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol. 2010;13:105-11.

211. Vachharajani TJ. The role of cannulation and fistula care. Semin Dial. 2015;28:24-7.

212. Gallieni M, Brenna I, Brunini F, Mezzina N, Pasho S, Fornasieri. Which cannulation technique for which patient. J Vasc Access. 2014;15 (Suppl 7):S85-90.

213. Dinwiddie LC, Ball L, Brouwer D, Doss-McQuitty S, Holland J. What Nephrologists need to know about vascular access cannulation. Semin Dial. 2013;26:315-22.

214. Allon M. Current management of vascular access. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:786-800.

215. Besarab A, Kumbar L. Vascular access cannulation practices and outcomes. Kidney Int. 2014;86:671-3.

216. Roca-Tey R. El acceso vascular para hemodiálisis: la asignatura pendiente. Nefrologia. 2010;30:280-7.

217. Parisotto MT, Schoder VU, Miriunis C, Grassmann AH, Scatizzi LP, Kaufmann P, et al Cannulation technique influences arteriovenous fistula and graft survival. Kidney Int. 2014;86:790-7.

218. Suri RS, Larive B, Sherer S, Eggers P, Gassman J, James SH, et al; Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trial Group. Risk of vascular access complications with frequent hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24:498-505.

219. Van Loon MM, Kessels AG, Van der Sande FM, Tordoir JH. Cannulation practice patterns in hemodialysis vascular access: predictors for unsuccessful cannulation. J Ren Care. 2009;35:82-9.

220. Van Loon MM, Kessels AG, Van der Sande FM, Tordoir JH. Cannulation and vascular access-related complications in hemodialysis: factors determining successful cannulation. Hemodial Int. 2009;13:498-504.

221. Granados Navarrete I, Ibeas López J, Iglesias Sanjuan R, Mañé Buixó N, Ramírez Prat N, Rodríguez Moreno E, et al. Enfermería en la detección precoz de patología subyacente y punción ecodirigida en el acceso vascular problemático a través de la integración de la ecografía portátil in situ. Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol. 2006;31:164-73.

222. Van Loon MM. How to improve vascular access care. Contrib Nephrol. 2015;184:222-33.

223. Ibeas J, Vallespín J, Rodríguez-Jornet A, et al. Portable Doppler-ultrasound used by the nephrologist in the hemodialysis unit for the immediate detection of fistula pathology and ultrasound guided cannulation: consolidation of a technique inside a protocolized interdisciplinary team with vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists and infirmary. A 4 years experience. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19:254A.

224. The ESRD National Coordinating Center (NCC) [Internet]. Tampa (FL): ESRD NCC; c 2016. Change Concept 8: AV fistula cannulation training. Fistula First Change Package: Thirteen change concepts for increasing AV fistulas. [Consultado el 24/01/2016]. Disponible en: http://fistulafirst.esrdncc.org/ffcl/change-concepts/change-concept-8//

225. Pulido JF, Crehuet I, Méndez P. Punción de accesos vasculares permanentes. En: Crespo R, Casas R, editores. Procedimientos y protocolos con competencias específicas para Enfermería Nefrológica. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (SEDEN); 2013. p. 53-5.

226. Crespo Montero R, Rivero Arellana F, Contreras Abad MD, Martínez Gómez A, Fuentes Galán MI. Pain degree and skin damage during arteriovenous fistula puncture. EDTNA-ERCA J. 2004;30:208-12.

227. Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, Roda E, González-Oliva JC, Martínez-Cercós R, et al Five years of vascular access stenosis surveillance by blood flow rate measurements during hemodialysis using the Delta-H method. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:321-8.

228. Sandroni S. Venous needle dislodgement during hemodialysis: An unresolved risk of catastrophic hemorrhage. Hemodial Int. 2005;9:102-3.

229. Van Waeleghem JP, Chamney M, Lindley EJ, Pancirova J. Venous needle dislodgement: how to minimise the risks. J Ren Care. 2008;34:163-8.

230. Rivas MT. Actuación ante incidencias técnicas: salida de aguja. En: Crespo R, Casas R, editores. Procedimientos y protocolos con competencias específicas para Enfermería Nefrológica. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (SEDEN); 2013. p. 81-82.

231. Twardowski ZJ. Update on cannulation techniques. J Vasc Access. 2015;16 (Suppl 9):S54-60.

232. Marticorena RM, Hunter J, Cook R, Kashani M, Delacruz J, Petershofer E, et al A simple method to create buttonhole cannulation tracks in a busy hemodialysis unit. Hemodial Int. 2009;13:316-21.

233. Vaux E, King J, Lloyd S, Moore J, Bailey L, Reading I, et al Effect of buttonhole cannulation with a polycarbonate peg on in-center hemodialysis fistula outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62:81-8.

234. Grudzinski A, Mendelssohn D, Pierratos A, Nesrallah G. A systematic review of buttonhole cannulation practices and outcomes. Semin Dial. 2013;26:465-75.

235. Wong B, Muneer M, Wiebe N, Storie D, Shurraw S, Pannu N, et al Buttonhole versus rope-ladder cannulation of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;64:918-36.

236. Ward J, Shaw K, Davenport A. Patients’ perspectives of constant-site (buttonhole) cannulation for haemodialysis access. Nephron Clin Pract. 2010;116:c123-27.

237. Struthers J, Allan A, Peel RK, Lambie SH. Buttonhole needling of arteriovenous fistulae: a randomized controlled trial. ASAIO J. 2010;56:319-22.

238. Grau C, Granados I, Moya C, García M, Vinuesa X, Ramírez J, et al. La punción del acceso vascular en hemodiálisis es una necesidad, el método Buttonhole una opción. Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol. 2011;14:30-6.

239. Chow J, Rayment G, San Miguel S, Gilbert M. A randomized controlled trial of buttonhole cannulation for the prevention of fistula access complications. J Ren Care. 2011;37:85-93.

240. Van Loon MM, Goovaerts T, Kessels AG, Van der Sande FM, Tordoir JH. Buttonhole needling of haemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae results in less complications and interventions compared to rope-ladder technique. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:225-30.

241. MacRae JM, Ahmed SB, Atkar R, Hemmelgarn BR. A randomized trial comparing buttonhole with rope ladder needling in conventional hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:1632-8.

242. Verhallen AM, Kooistra MP, Van Jaarsveld BC. Cannulating in haemodialysis: rope-ladder or buttonhole technique? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2601-4.

243. Macrae JM, Ahmed SB, Hemmelgarn BR; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Arteriovenous fistula survival and needling technique: long-term results from a randomized buttonhole trial. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63:636-42.

244. Moist LM, Nesrallah GE. Should buttonhole cannulation be discontinued? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:3-5.

245. Muir C, Kotwal SS, Hawley CM, Polkinghorne K, Gallagher MP, Snelling P, et al Buttonhole cannulation and clinical outcomes in a home hemodialysis cohort and systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:110-9.

246. Hemmelgarn BR, Moist LM, Lok CE, Tonelli M, Manns BJ, Holden RM, et al Prevention of dialysis catheter lumen occlusion with rt-PA versus Heparin Study Group: Prevention of dialysis catheter malfunction with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:303-12.

247. O’Brien F, Kok H, O’Kane C, McWilliams J, O’Kelly P, Collins P, et al Arterio-venous fistula buttonhole cannulation technique: a retrospective analysis of infectious complications. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5:526-9.

248. Labriola L, Crott R, Desmet C, Andre G, Jadoul M. Infectious complications following conversion to buttonhole cannulation of native arteriovenous fistulas: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57:442-8

249. Nesrallah GE, Cuerden M, Wong JH, Pierratos A. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and buttonhole cannulation: longterm safety and efficacy of mupirocin prophylaxis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1047-53.

250. Hill AA, Vasudevan T, Young NP, Crawford M, Blatter DD, Marsh E, et al Use of an implantable needle guide to access difficult or impossible to cannulate arteriovenous fistulae using the buttonhole technique. J Vasc Access. 2013;14:164-9.

251. Cobo JL, Sánchez FL, Fernández P. Desconexión del paciente portador de fístula arteriovenosa interna. En: Crespo R, Casas R, editores. Procedimientos y protocolos con competencias específicas para Enfermería Nefrológica. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (SEDEN); 2013. p. 117-9.

252. Kumar V, Depner T, Besarab A, Ananthakrishnan S. Arteriovenous Access for Hemodialysis. En: Daugirdas JT, Blake PG, Ing TS, editors. Handbook of Dialysis. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 105-26.

253. Roca-Tey R. Vigilancia y seguimiento del acceso vascular: indicaciones, cuidados y métodos de monitorización. Situación actual del acceso vascular en Cataluña. En: Collado S, Pascual J, coordinadores. Avances en diálisis. Barcelona: Publicaciones Permanyer; 2012. p. 49-59.

254. Boulanger H, Ahriz-Saksi S, Flamant M, Vigeral P. Evaluation of post-puncture bleeding time of arteriovenous fistulas with IRIS® bandage. J Vasc Access. 2014;15:102-7.

255. Cimiano M, Suanes L. Educación del paciente renal: autocuidados del acceso vascular. En: Crespo R, Casas R, editores. Procedimientos y protocolos con competencias específicas para Enfermería Nefrológica. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (SEDEN); 2013. p. 131-2.

256. Allon M, Robbin M. Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: Problems and solutions. Kidney Int. 2002;62:1109-24.

257. Roy-Chaudhury P, Spergel LM, Besarab A, Asif A, Ravani P. Biology of arteriovenous fistula failure. J Nephrol. 2007;20:150-63.

258. Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71-86.

259. Wing AJ, Curtis JR, De Wardener HE. Reduction of clotting in Scribner shunts by long-term anticoagulation. Br Med J. 1967;3:143-5.

260. Saran R, Dykstra D, Wolfe R, Gillespie B, Held P, Young E. Association between vascular access failure and the use of specific drugs: The dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:1255-63.

261. Hasegawa T, Elder SJ, Bragg-Gresham JL, Pisoni RL, Yamazaki S, Akizawa T, et al. Consistent aspirin use associated with improved arteriovenous fistula survival among incident hemodialysis patients in the dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:1373-8.

262. Osborn G, Escofet X, Da Silva A. Medical adjuvant treatment to increase patency of arteriovenous fistulae and grafts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD002786.

263. Sood MM, Larkina M, Thumma JR, Tentori F, Gillespie BW, Fukuhara S, et al Major bleeding events and risk stratification of antithrombotic agents in hemodialysis: results from the DOPPS. Kidney Int. 2013;84:600-8.

264. Chan KE, Lazarus JM, Thadhani R, Hakim RM. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet usage associates with mortality among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:872-81.

265. Hiremath S, Holden RH, Fergusson D, Zimmerman DL. Antiplatelet medications in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review of bleeding rates. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1347-55.

266. Palmer SC, Di Micco L, Razavian M, Craig JC, Ravani P, Perkovic V, et al Antiplatelet therapy to prevent hemodialysis vascular access failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61:112-22.

267. Palmer SC, Di Micco L, Razavian M, Craig JC, Perkovic V, Pellegrini F, et al Antiplatelet agents for chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD008834.

268. Tanner NC, Da Silva A. Medical adjuvant treatment to increase patency of arteriovenous fistulae and grafts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD002786.

269. Roca-Tey R. Diagnóstico precoz de la estenosis del acceso vascular para hemodiálisis mediante la determinación no invasiva del flujo sanguíneo [Tesis Doctoral]. Barcelona: Universitat Autónoma de Bar­celona; 2010.

270. Roca-Tey R. Control de los accesos vasculares. Exploración física e instrumental. En: González Álvarez MT, Martínez Cercós R. Manual de accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis. Barcelona: Marge Médica Books; 2010. p. 87-97.

271. García Medina J, Lacasa Pérez N, Muray Cases S, Pérez Garrido I, García Medina V. Accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis trombosados: rescate mediante técnicas de radiología vascular intervencionista. Nefrología. 2009;29:249-255.

272. Gruss E, Portolés J, Jiménez P, Hernández T, Rueda JA, Del Cerro M, et al. Seguimiento prospectivo del acceso vascular en hemodiálisis mediante un equipo multidisciplinario. Nefrología. 2006;26:703-10.

273. Lipari G, Tessitore N, Poli A, Bedogna V, Impedovo A, Lupo A, et al. Outcomes of surgical revision of stenosed and thrombosed forearm arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2605-12.

274. Besarab A. Access Monitoring is Worthwhile and Valuable. Blood Purif. 2006;24:77-89.

275. McCarley P, Wingard RL, Shyr Y, Pettus W, Hakim RM, Ikizler TA. Vascular access blood flow monitoring reduces morbidity and costs. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1164-72.

276. Tessitore N, Mansueto G, Bedogna V, Lipari G, Poli A, Gammaro L, et al. A prospective controlled trial on effect of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on functioning arteriovenous fistulae survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:1623-7.

277. Wijnen E, Planken N, Keuter X, Kooman JP, Tordoir JH, De Haan MW, et al. Impact of a quality improvement programme based on vascular access flow monitoring on costs, access occlusion and access failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:3514-9.

278. Gruss E, Portolés J, Caro P, Merino JL, López Sánchez P, Tato A, et al. Los modelos de atención al acceso vascular condicionan resultados heterogéneos en los centros de una misma comunidad. Nefrologia. 2010;30:310-6.

279. Hakim R, Himmelfarb J. Hemodialysis access failure: a call to action. Kidney Int. 1998;54:1029-40.

280 Hoeben H, Abu-Alfa AK, Reilly RF, Aruny JE, Bouman K, Perazella MA. Vascular access surveillance: evaluation of combining dynamic venous pressure and vascular access blood flow measurements. Am J Nephrol. 2003;23:403-8.

281. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Poli A, Mantovani W, Lipari G, Baggio E, et al. Adding access blood flow surveillance to clinical monitoring reduces thrombosis rates and costs, and provides fistula patency in the short term: a controlled cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:3578-84.

282. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Melilli E, Millardi D, Mansueto G, Lipari G, et al. In Search of an Optimal Bedside Screening Program for Arteriovenous Fistula Stenosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:819-26.

283. Caro P, Delgado R, Dapena F, Aguilera A. La utilidad de la presión intra-acceso. Nefrología. 2004;24:357-363.

284. Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, Martínes-Cercós R, Viladoms J. Functional vascular access evaluation after elective intervention for stenosis. J Vasc Access. 2006;7:29-34.

285. Vesely TM, Gherardini D, Gleed RD, Kislukhin V, Krivitski NM. Use of a catheter-based system to measure blood flow in hemodialysis grafts during angioplasty procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13:371-378.

286. Salman L, Beathard G. Interventional Nephrology: Physical Examination as a Tool for Surveillance for the Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Access. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1220-7.

287. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Verlato G, Poli A. Clinical access assessment. J Vasc Access. 2014;15 (Suppl 7):S20-7.

288. Gallego JJ, Hernández A, Herrero J, Moreno R. Early detection and treatment of hemodialysis access dysfunction. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2000;23:40-6.

289. Polo JR, Luño J, Sanabia J, Menárguez MC, García de Vinuesa MS, Echenagusia A. Malfunción de fístulas radiocefálicas para hemodiálisis. Nefrología. 1990;10:248-254.

290. Trerotola SO, Scheel PJ, Powe NR, Prescott C, Feeley N, He J, et al. Screening for dialysis access graft malfunction: comparison of physical examination with US. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1996;7:15-20.

291. Safa AA, Valji K, Roberts AC, Ziegler TW, Hye RJ, Oglevie SB. Detection and treatment of dysfunctional hemodialysis access grafts: effect of a surveillance program on graft patency and the incidence of thrombosis. Radiology. 1996:199:653-7.

292. Armada E, Trillo M, Pérez Melón C, Molina Herrero J, Gayoso P, Camba M, et al. Programa de monitorización de accesos vasculares nativos para hemodiálisis. Nefrología. 2005;25:57-66.

293. Beathard GA. Physical Examination of the dialysis vascular access. Semin Dial. 1998;11:231-6.

294. Bonforte G, Pogliani D, Brenna S, Martinelli D, Bernardi LE, D’Amico M, et al. Validation of QB stress test as a useful tool in the detection of native arteriovenous fistula stenosis: results after 22 months of follow-up. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:1943-9.

295. The ESRD National Coordinating Center (NCC) [Internet]. Tampa (FL): ESRD NCC; c 2016. Access monitoring resources: one minute access check. [Consultado el 24/01/2016]. Disponible en: https://www.esrdncc.org/contentassets/84516d96b48a4379a7ec1a8c10116816/119.staff-printable-instructions-vb11_508.pdf

296. Roca-Tey R, Ramírez de Arellano M, Codina S, Olmos A, Piera L, González U. Cutaneous trophic disorders secondary to arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. Med Clin (Barc). 1992;98:58-60.

297. Debus ES, Sailer M, Voit R, Franke S. “Hot ulcer” on the hand caused by retrograde flow of arterialized blood from an arteriovenous fistula. Vascular Surgery. 1998;32:507-9.

298. Lee S, Kim W, Kang KP, Jang YB, Kwak HS, Kim HW, et al. Stasis dermatitis associated with arteriovenous fistula. Kidney Int. 2007;72:1171-2.

299. Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, Viladoms J. Aneurisma peri-anastomótico de fístula arteriovenosa radiocefálica para hemodiálisis. Med Clin (Barc). 2005;124:440.

300. Lafrance JP, Rahme E, Lelorier J, Iqbal S. Vascular-access related infections: definitions, incidence rates, and risk factors. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:982-93.

301. Coentrão L, Turmel-Rodrigues L. Monitoring dialysis arteriovenous fistulae: it’s in our hands. J Vasc Access. 2013;14:209-15.

302. Coentrão L, Faria B, Pestana M. Physical examination of dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae by non-interventionalists: a skill worth teaching. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:1993-6.

303. Campos RP, Chula DC, Perreto S, Riella MC, Do Nascimento MM. Accuracy of physical examination and intra-access pressure in the detection of stenosis in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula. Semin Dial. 2008;21:269-73.

304. Gani JS, Fowler PR, Steinberg AW, Wlodarczyk JH, Nanra RS, Hibberd AD. Use of the fistula assessment monitor to detect stenoses in access fistulae. Am J Kidney Dis. 1991;17:303-6.

305. Pagano D, Green MA, Henderson MJ, Kmiot WA, Goldman MD. Surveillance policy for early detection of failing arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9:277-9.

306. Maya ID, Oser R, Saddekni S, Barker J, Allon M. Vascular access stenosis: comparison of arteriovenous grafts and fistulas. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44:859-65.

307. Robbin ML, Oser RF, Lee JY, Heudebert GR, Mennemeyer ST, Allon M. Randomized comparison of ultrasound surveillance and clinical monitoring on arteriovenous graft outcomes. Kidney Int. 2006;69:730-5.

308. Leon C, Orozco-Vargas LC, Krishnamurthy G, Choi KL, Mercado C, Merrill D, et al. Accuracy of physical examination in the detection of arteriovenous graft stenosis. Semin Dial. 2008;21:85-8.

309. Besarab A, Sullivan KL, Ross RP, Moritz MJ. Utility of intra-access pressure monitoring in detecting and correcting venous outlet stenoses prior to thrombosis. Kidney Int. 1995;47:1364-73.

310. Sands JJ, Jabyac PA, Miranda CL, Kapsick BJ. Intervention based on monthly monitoring decreases hemodialysis access thrombosis. ASAIO J. 1999;45:147-50.

311. Smits JHM, Van der Linden J, Hagen EC, Modderkolk-Cammeraat EC, Feith GW, Koomans HA, et al. Graft surveillance: venous pressure, access flow, or the combination? Kidney Int. 2001;59:1551-8.

312. Schwab SJ, Raymond JR, Saeed M, Newman GE, Dennis PA, Bollinger RR. Prevention of hemodialysis fistula thrombosis. Early detection of venous stenoses. Kidney Int. 1989;36:707-711.

313. Besarab A, Frinak S, Zasuwa G. Prospective evaluation of vascular access function: the nephrologist’s perspective. Semin Dial. 1996;9 (Suppl 1):S21-9.

314. Besarab A, Frinak S, Sherman RA, Goldman J, Dumler F, Devita MV, et al. Simplified measurement of intra-access pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:284-9.

315. Besarab A, Lubkowski T, Frinak S, Ramanathan S, Escobar F. Detecting vascular access dysfunction. ASAIO J. 1997;43:M539-43.

316. White JJ, Ram SJ, Jones SA, Schwab SJ, Paulson WD. Influence of luminal diameters on flow surveillance of hemodialysis grafts: insights from a mathematical model. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:972-8.

317. Cayco AV, Abu-Alfa AK, Mahnensmith RL, Perazella MA. Reduction in arteriovenous graft impairment: results of a vascular access surveillance protocol. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:302-8.

318. Roberts AB, Kahn MB, Bradford S, Lee J, Ahmed Z, Fitzsimmons J, et al. Graft surveillance and angioplasty prolongs dialysis graft patency. J Am Coll Surg. 1996;183:486-92.

319. Allon M, Bailey R, Ballard R, Deierhoi MH, Hamerick K, Oser R, et al. A multidisciplinary approach to hemodialysis access: prospective evaluation. Kidney Int. 1998;53:473-9.

320. May RE, Himmelfarb J, Yenicesu M, Knights S, Ikizler TA, Schilman G, et al. Predictive measures of vascular access thrombosis: a prospective study. Kidney Int. 1997;52:1656-62.

321. Singh N, Ahmad S, Wienckowski JR, Murray BM. Comparison of access blood flow and venous pressure measurements as predictors of arteriovenous graft thrombosis. J Vasc Access. 2006;7:66-73.

322. Bosman PJ, Boereboom FTJ, Smits HFM, Eikelboom BC, Koomans HA, Blankestijn PJ. Pressure or flow recordings for the surveillance of hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int. 1997;52:1084-8.

323. White JJ, Jones SA, Ram SJ, Schwab SJ, Paulson WD. Mathematical model demonstrates influence of luminal diameters on venous pressure surveillance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:681-7.

324. Tonelli M, Jindal K, Hirsch D, Taylor S, Kane C, Henbrey S. Screening for subclinical stenosis in native vessel arteriovenous fistulae. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:1729-33.

325. Ronda MJ, Sánchez I. Requerimientos diagnósticos: determinación de la recirculación del acceso vascular. En: Crespo R, Casas R, editores. Procedimientos y protocolos con competencias específicas para Enfermería Nefrológica. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Enfermería Nefrológica (SEDEN); 2013. p. 65-6.

326. Depner TA, Krivitski NM, MacGibbon D. Hemodialysis access recirculation measured by ultrasound dilution. ASAIO J. 1995;41:M749-53.

327. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Gammaro L, Lipari G, Poli A, Baggio E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound dilution access blood flow measurement in detecting stenosis and predicting thrombosis in native forearm arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42;331-41.

328. Magnasco A, Alloatti S, Bonfant G, Copello F, Solari P. Glucose infusion test: a new screening test for vascular access recirculation. Kidney Int. 2000;57:2123-8.

329. Magnasco A, Alloatti S. Glucose infusion test (GIT) compared with the saline dilution technology in recirculation measurements. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:3180-4.

330. Wang E, Schneditz D, Ronco C, Levin NW. Surveillance of fistula function by frequent recirculation measurements during high efficiency dialysis. ASAIO J. 2002;48:394-7.

331. Coyne DW, Delmez J, Spence G, Windus D. Impaired delivery of hemodialysis prescription: an analysis of causes and an approach to evaluation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:1315-8.

332. Fontseré N, Blasco M, Arias M, Maduell F, Vera M, Burrel M, et al. Is ionic dialysance useful for early detection of vascular access dysfunction? Six illustrative cases. Hemodialysis Int. 2011;15:108-11.

333. Roca-Tey R, Ibrik O, Samon R, Martínez-Cercós R, Viladoms J. Prevalence and functional profile of unsuspected radial artery stenosis in native radiocephalic fistula dysfunction. Diagnosis by vascular access flow monitoring using Delta-H method. Nefrología. 2006;26:581-6.

334. Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, Giménez I, Viladoms J. Functional profile of cephalic arch stenosis. Nefrología. 2009;29:350-3.

335. Krivitski NM. Theory and validation of access flow measurement by dilution technique during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1995;48:244-50.

336. Yarar D, Cheung AK, Sakiewicz P, Lindsay RM, Paganini EP, Steuer RR, et al. Ultrafiltration method for measuring vascular access flow rates during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1999;56:1129-35.

337. Lindsay RM, Blake PG, Malek P, Posen G, Martin B, Bradfield E. Hemodialysis access blood flow rates can be measured by a differential conductivity technique and are predictive of access clotting. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30:475-82.

338. Mercadal L, Hamani A, Béné B, Petitclerc T. Determination of access blood flow from ionic dialysance: theory and validation. Kidney Int. 1999;56:1560-5.

339. Schneditz D, Wang E, Levin NW. Validation of hemodialysis recirculation and access blood flow measured by thermodilution. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:376-83.

340. Wjinen E, Van der Sande FM, Kooman JP, De Graaf T, Tordoir JH, Leunissen KM, et al. Measurement of hemodialysis vascular access flow using extracorporeal temperature gradients. Kidney Int. 2007;72:736-41.

341. Tiranathanagul K, Katavetin P, Injan P, Leelahavanichkul A, Techawathanawanna N, Praditpornsilpa K, et al. A novel simple hemoglobin dilution technique to measure hemodialysis vascular access flow. Kidney Int. 2008;73:1082-6.

342. Steuer RR, Miller DR, Zhang S, Bell DA, Leypoldt JK. Noninvasive transcutaneous determination of access blood flow rate. Kidney Int. 2001;60:284-91.

343. Magnasco A, Alloatti S, Martinoli C, Solari P. Glucose pump test: a new method for blood flow measurements. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:2244-8.

344. Merino JL, Teruel JL, Galeano C, Fernández Lucas M, Ocaña J, Rivera M, et al. Medición del flujo del acceso vascular con dialisancia iónica. Nefrología. 2006;26:481-5.

345. Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, Giménez I, Viladoms J. Measurement of vascular access blood flow rate during hemodyalisis in 38 patients using the thermodilution technique. A comparative study with the Delta-H method. Nefrología 2008;28:447-52.

346. Fontseré N, Blasco M, Maduell F, Vera M, Arias-Guillén M, Herranz S, et al. Practical utility of on-line clearance and blood temperature monitors as noninvasive techniques to measure hemodialysis blood access flow. Blood Purif. 2011;31:1-8.

347. Badr B, Bories P, Marais R, Frat B, Seigneuric B, Longlune N, et al. Transonic, thermodilution, or ionic dialysance to manage vascular access: which method is best? Hemodial Int. 2014;18:127-35.

348. Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, Roda A, González-Oliva JC, Viladoms J. Study of arteriovenous fistula function by the temperature gradient method using the Twister™ device. Nefrología. 2012;32:172-9.

349. Fontseré N, Maduell F, Blasco M, Vera M, Arias M, Mestres G, et al. Thermodilution versus saline dilution method for vascular access blood flow measurement in high-flux and on-line hemodiafiltration. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:482-9.

350. Tonelli M, Jhangri GS, Hirsch DJ, Marryatt J, Mossop P, Wile C, et al. Best threshold for diagnosis of stenosis and trombosis within six months of access flow measurement in arteriovenous fistula. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:3264-9.

351. Tonelli M, Klarenbach S, Jindal K, Harries S, Zuidema S, Caldwell S, et al. Access flow in arteriovenous accesses by optodilutional and ultrasound dilution methods. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:933-7.

352. Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, García-Madrid C, Herranz JJ, García-González L, et al. Vascular access surveillance with blood flow monitoring: a prospective study with 65 patients. Nefrología. 2004;24:246-52.

353. Neyra NR, Ikizler TA, May RA, Himmelfarb J, Schulman G, Shyr Y, et al. Change in access blood flow over time predicts vascular access thrombosis. Kidney Int. 1998;54:1714-9.

354. Paulson WD, Moist L, Lok CE. Vascular access surveillance: an ongoing controversy. Kidney Int. 2012;81:132-42.

355. Tonelli M, Hirsch DJ, Chan CT, Marryatt J, Mossop P, Wile C, et al. Factors associated with access blood flow in native vessel arteriovenous fistulae. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:2559-63.

356. Treacy PJ, Ragg JL, Snelling P, Lawton P, Lammi H. Prediction of failure of native arteriovenous fistulas using “on-line” fistula flow measurements. Nephrology. 2005;10:136-41.

357. Begin V, Ethier J, Dumont M, Leblanc M. Prospective evaluation of the intra-access flow of recently created native arteriovenous fistulae. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:1277-82.

358. Khan FA, Vesely TM. Arterial problems associated with dysfunctional hemodialysis grafts: evaluation of patients at high risk for arterial disease. J Vasc Inter Radiol. 2002;13:1109-14.

359. Asif A, Gadalean FN, Merrill D, Cherla G, Cipleu CD, Epstein DL, et al. Inflow stenosis in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts: a multicenter, prospective study. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1986-92.

360. Engelberts I, Tordoir JHM, Boon ES, Schreij G. High-output cardiac failure due to excessive shunting in a hemodialysis access fistula: an easily overlooked diagnosis. Am J Nephrol. 1995;15:323-6.

361. Roca-Tey R, Olivé S, Samon R, Ibrik O, García-Madrid C, Viladoms J. Non-invasive monitoring of a humeral arteriovenous fistula with hemodynamic repercussions. Nefrología. 2003;23:169-71.

362. Grogan J, Castilla M, Lozanski L, Griffin A, Loth F, Bassiouny H. Frequency of critical stenosis in primary arteriovenous fistulae before hemodialysis access: Should duplex ultrasound surveillance be the standard of care? J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:1000-6.

363. Sands JJ, Ferrell LM, Perry MA. The role of color flow Doppler ultrasound in dialysis access. Seminars in Nephrology. 2002;22:195-201.

364. Moreno Sánchez T, Martín Hervás C, Sola Martínez E, Moreno Rodríguez F. Valor de la ecografía Doppler en la disfunción de los accesos vasculares periféricos para hemodiálisis. Radiología. 2014;56:420-8.

365. Tordoir JH, Hoeneveld H, Eikelboom BC, Kitslaar PJ. The correlation between clinical and duplex ultrasound parameters and the development of complications in arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1990;4:179-84.

366. Older RA, Gizienski TA, Wilkowski MJ, Angle JF, Cote DA. Hemodialysis access stenosis: early detection with color Doppler US. Radiology. 1998;207:161-4.

367. Malik J, Slavikova M, Svobodova J, Tuka V. Regular ultrasonographic screening significantly prolongs patency of PTFE grafts. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1554-8.

368. Scaffaro LA, Bettio JA, Cavazzola SA, Campos BT, Burmeister JE, Pereira RM, et al. Maintenance of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas by an interventional strategy. Clinical and Duplex ultrasonographic surveillance followed by transluminal angioplasty. J Ultrasound Med. 2009;28:1159-65.

369. Roca-Tey R, Rivas A, Samon R, Ibrik O, Viladoms J. Study of vascular access (VA) by color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU). Comparison between Delta-H and CDU methods in measuring VA blood flow rate. Nefrología. 2005;25:678-83.

370. Guedes-Marques M, Ibeas J, Botelho C, Maia P, Ponce P. Doppler ultrasound: a powerful tool for vascular access surveillance. Semin Dial. 2015;28:206-10.

371. Campos RP, Do Nascimento MM, Chula DC, Do Nascimento DE, Riella MC. Stenosis in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula: evaluation and treatment. Hemodial Int. 2006;10:152-61.

372. Miranda CL, Sands JJ. Duplex referral of hemodialysis accesses for percutaneous balloon angioplasty. J Vasc Tech. 1996;20:99-103.

373. Gadallah MF, Paulson WD, Vickers B, Work J. Accuracy of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing anatomic stenosis of hemodialysis arteriovenous access as compared with fistulography. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32;273-7.

374. Salman L, Ladino M, Alex M, Dhamija R, Merrill D, Lenz O, et al. Accuracy of Ultrasound in the Detection of In?ow Stenosis of Arteriovenous Fistulae: Results of a Prospective Study. Semin Dial. 2010;23:117-21.

375. Tuka V, Slavikova M, Krupickova Z, Mokrejsova M, Chytilova E, Malik J. Short-term outcomes of borderline stenoses in vascular accesses with PTFE grafts. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3193-7.

376. Lockhart ME, Robbin ML. Hemodialysis access ultrasound. Ultrasound Q. 2001;17:157-67.

377. Weitzel WF, Rubin JM, Leavey SF, Swartz RD, Dhingra RK, Messana JM. Analysis of variable flow Doppler hemodialysis access flow measurements and comparison with ultrasound dilution. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38;935-40.

378. Schwarz C, Mitterbauer C, Boczula M, Maca T, Funovics M, Heinze G, et al. Flow monitoring: performance characteristics of ultrasound dilution versus color Doppler ultrasound compared with fistulography. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:539-45.

379. Lopot F, Nejedlý B, Sulková S, Bláha J. Comparison of different techniques of hemodialysis vascular access flow evaluation. Int J Artif Organs. 2003;26:1056-63.

380. Lin CC, Chang CF, Chiou HJ, Sun YC, Chiang SS, Lin MW, et al. Variable pump flow-based Doppler ultrasound method: a novel approach to the measurement of access flow in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:229-36.

381. Fontseré N, Mestres G, Barrufet M, Burrel M, Vera M, Arias M, et al. Aplicación práctica de la termodilución frente a la ecografía-Doppler en la medición del flujo del acceso vascular. Nefrología. 2013;33:325-32.

382. Sacquépée M, Tivollier JM, Doussy Y, Quirin N, Valéry JC, Cantin JF. Comparison of different techniques of hemodialysis vascular access flow evaluation: blood temperature monitoring thermodilution and Doppler debimetry. Nephrol Ther. 2012;8:96-100.

383. Doelman C, Duijm LE, Liem YS, Froger CL, Tielbeek AV, Donkers-van Rossum AB, et al. Stenosis detection in failing hemodialysis access fistulas and grafts: comparison of color Doppler ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography, and digital subtraction angiography. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42:739-46.

384. Cansu A, Soyturk M, Ozturk MH, Kul S, Pulathan Z, Dinc H. Diagnostic value of color Doppler ultrasonography and MDCT angiography in complications of hemodialysis fistulas and grafts. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82:1436-43.

385. Tonelli M, James M, Wiebe N, Jindal K, Hemmelgarn B. Ultrasound monitoring to detect access stenosis in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:630-40.

386. Casey ET, Murad MH, Rizvi AZ, Sidawy AN, McGrath MM, Elamin MB, et al. Surveillance of arteriovenous hemodialysis access: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48(Suppl 5):S48-54.

387. Kumbar L, Karim J, Besarab A. Surveillance and monitoring of dialysis access. Int J Nephrol. 2012;2012:649735.

388. Wijnen E, Van der Sande FM, Tordoir JH, Kooman JP, Leunissen KM. Effect of online haemodialysis vascular access flow evaluation and pre-emptive intervention on the frequency of access thrombosis. NDT Plus. 2008;5:279-84.

389. Allon M, Robbin ML. Hemodialysis vascular access monitoring: current concepts. Hemodialysis Int. 2009;13:153-62.

390. Roca-Tey R, Samon R, Ibrik O, Roda A, González-Oliva JC, Martínez-Cercós R, et al. Incidence and etiology of vascular access (VA) thrombosis in prevalent patients under VA surveillance for stenosis by blood flow rate (QA) measurements. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii257.

391. Murray BM, Rajczak S, Ali B, Herman A, Mapani B. Assessment of access blood flow after preemptive angioplasty. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37:1029-38.

392. Ibeas López J. Monitorización del acceso vascular: ¿Quo vadis? NefroPlus. 2011;4:11-20.

393. Krivitski N. Why vascular access trials on flow surveillance failed. J Vasc Access. 2014;15 (Suppl 7):S15-19.

394. Malik J, Kudlicka J, Novakova L, Adamec J, Malikova H, Kavan J. Surveillance of arteriovenous accesses with the use of duplex Doppler ultrasonography. J Vasc Access. 2014;15 (Suppl 7):S28-32.

395. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Verlato G, Poli A. The Rise and Fall of Access Blood Flow Surveillance in Arteriovenous Fistulas. Semin Dial. 2014;27:108-18.

396. Salman LH. How is arteriovenous fistula longevity best prolonged?: The role of surveillance. Semin Dial. 2015;28:33-4.

397. Muchayi T, Salman L, Tamariz LJ, Asif A, Rizvi A, Lenz O, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials assessing hemodialysis access thrombosis based on access flow monitoring: where do we stand? Semin Dial. 2015;28:E23-9.

398. Tessitore N, Lipari G, Poli A, Bedogna V, Baggio E, Loschiavo C, et al. Can blood flow surveillance and pre-emptive repair of subclinical stenosis prolong the useful life of arteriovenous fistulae? A randomized controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:2325-33.

399. Aragoncillo I, Amézquita Y, Caldés S, Abad S, Vega A, Cirugeda A, et al. The impact of access blood flow surveillance on reduction of thrombosis in native arteriovenous fistula: a randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Access. 2016;17:13-9.

400. Ram SJ, Nassar R, Work J, Abreo K, Dossabhoy NR, Paulson WD. Risk of hemodialysis graft thrombosis: analysis of monthly flow surveillance. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:930-8.

401. Ponce P, Mateus A, Santos L. Anatomical correlation of a well-functioning access graft for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:535-8.

402. Renaud CJ, Francois M, Nony A, Fodil-Cherif M, Turmel-Rodrigues L. Comparative outcomes of treated symptomatic versus non-treated asymptomatic high-grade central vein stenoses in the outflow of predominantly dialysis fistulas. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:1631-8.

403. Paulson WD, Ram SJ, Birk CG, Zapczynski M, Martin SR, Work J. Accuracy of decrease in blood flow in predicting hemodialysis graft thrombosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:1089-95.

404. Ram SJ, Work J, Caldito GC, Eason JM, Pervez A, Paulson WD. A randomized controlled trial of blood flow and stenosis surveillance of hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int. 2003;64:272-80.

405. Kudlicka J, Kavan J, Tuka V, Malik J. More precise diagnosis of access stenosis: ultrasonography versus angiography. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:310-4.

406. Asif A, Lenz O, Merrill D, Cherla G, Cipleu CD, Ellis R, et al. Percutaneous management of perianastomotic stenosis in arteriovenous fistulae: results of a prospective study. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1904-8.

407. Pirozzi N, Garcia-Medina J, Hanoy M. Stenosis complicating vascular access for hemodialysis: indications for treatment. J Vasc Access. 2014;15:76-82.

408. Rajan D, Platzker T, Lok C, Beecroft JR, Tan KT, Sniderman KW, et al. Ultrahigh-pressure versus high-pressure angioplasty for treatment of venous anastomotic stenosis in hemodialysis grafts: is there a difference in patency? J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18:709-14.

409. Saleh HM, Gabr AK, Tawfik MM, Abouellail H. Prospective, randomized study of cutting balloon angioplasty versus conventional balloon angioplasty for the treatment of hemodialysis access stenoses. J Vasc Surg. 2014;60:735-40.

410. Aftab SA, Tay KH, Irani FG, Gong Lo RH, Gogna A, Haaland B, et al. Randomized clinical trial of cutting balloon angioplasty versus high-pressure balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula stenoses resistant to conventional balloon angioplasty. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25:190-8.

411. Kundu S, Clemens R, Aziza J, Tam P, Nagai G, You J, et al. Ultrahigh-pressure angioplasty versus the Peripheral Cutting Balloon™ for treatment of stenosis in autogenous fistulas: comparison of immediate results. J Vasc Access. 2010;11;303-11.

412. Wu CC, Lin MC, Pu SY, Tsai KC, Wen SC. Comparison of cutting balloon versus high-pressure balloon angioplasty for resistant venous stenoses of native hemodialysis fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19:877-83.

413. Agarwal SK, Nadkarni GN, Yacoub R, Patel AA, Jenkins JS, Collins TJ, et al. Comparison of Cutting Balloon Angioplasty and Percutaneous Balloon Angioplasty of Arteriovenous Fistula Stenosis: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Interv Cardiol. 2015;28:288-95.

414. Katsanos K, Karnabatidis D, Kitrou P, Spiliopoulos S, Christeas N, Siablis D. Paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty vs. plain balloon dilation for the treatment of failing dialysis access: 6-month interim results from a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Endovasc Ther. 2012;19:263-72.

415. Kitrou PM, Katsanos K, Spiliopoulos S, Karnabatidis D, Siablis D. Drug-eluting versus plain balloon angioplasty for the treatment of failing dialysis access: final results and cost-effectiveness analysis from a prospective randomized controlled trial. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84:418-23.

416. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Renaud CJ. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology of arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. Paris: Springer-Verlag; 2013. p. 122-7.

417. Salman L, Asif A. Stent graft for nephrologists: concerns and consensus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1347-52.

418. Yevzlin A, Asif A. Stent placement in hemodialysis access: historical lessons, the state of the art and future directions. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:996.

419. Haskal ZJ, Trerotola S, Dolmatch B, Schuman E, Altman S, Mietling SN, et al. Stent graft versus balloon angioplasty for failing dialysis-access grafts. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:494-503.

420. Karnabatidis D, Kitrou P, Spiliopoulos S, Katsanos K, Diamantopoulos A, Christeas N, et al. Stent-grafts versus angioplasty and/or bare metal stents for failing arteriovenous grafts: a cross-over longitudinal study. J Nephrol. 2013;26:389-95.

421. Davila Santini Ll, Etkin Y, Nadelson AJ, Safa T. Stent-grafts improve secondary patency of failing hemodialysis grafts. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:65-70.

422. Bent CL, Rajan DK, Tan K, Simons ME, Jaskolka J, Kachura J, et al. Effectiveness of stent-graft placement for salvage of dysfunctional arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21:496-502.

423. Dolmatch BL, Duch JM, Winder R, Butler GM, Kershen M, Patel R, et al. Salvage of angioplasty failures and complications in hemodialysis arteriovenous access using the FLUENCY Plus Stent Graft: technical and 180-day patency results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;23:479-87.

424. Schmelter C, Raab U, Lazarus F, Ruppert V, Vorwerk D. Outcomes of AV Fistulas and AV Grafts after Interventional Stent-Graft Deployment in Haemodialysis Patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2015;38:878-86.

425. Turmel Rodrigues L, Beyssen B, Renauld CJ. Dilation and stent placement. En: Turmel-Rodrigues L, Renaud CJ. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology of arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. Paris: Springer-Verlag; 2013. p. 126.

426. Zink JN, Netzley R, Erzurum V, Wright D. Complications of endovascular grafts in the treatment of pseudoaneurysms and stenoses in arteriovenous access. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57:144-8.

427. Verstandig AG, Bloom AI, Sasson T, Haviv YS, Rubinger D. Shortening and migration of Wallstents after stenting of central venous stenoses in hemodialysis patients. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2003;26:58-64.

428. Wada M, Yamamoto M, Shiba M, Tsuji T, Iijima R, Nakajima R, et al. Stent fracture in the left brachiocephalic vein. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2007;8:103-106.

429. Therasse E, Soulez G, Cartier P, Passerini L, Roy P, Bruneau L, et al. Infection with fatal outcome after endovascular metallic stent placement. Radiology. 1994;192:363-5.

430. Naddour F, Yount RD Jr, Quintal RE. Successful conservative treatment of an infected central venous stent. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2000;51(2):196-8.

431. Tessitore N, Mansueto G, Lipari G, Bedogna V, Tardivo S, Baggio E, et al. Endovascular versus surgical preemptive repair of forearm arteriovenous fistula juxta-anastomotic stenosis: analysis of data collected prospectively from 1999 to 2004. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:448-54.

432. Napoli M, Prudenzano R, Russo F, Antonaci AL, Aprile M, Buongiorno E. Juxta-anastomotic stenosis of native arteriovenous fistulas: surgical treatment versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. J Vasc Access. 2010;11:346-51.

433. Argyriou C, Schoretsanitis N, Georgakarakos EI, Georgiadis GS, Lazarides MK. Preemptive open surgical vs. endovascular repair for juxta-anastomotic stenoses of autogenous AV fistulae: a meta-analysis. J Vasc Access. 2015;16:454-8.

434. Brooks JL, Sigley RD, May KJ Jr, Mack RM. Transluminal angioplasty versus surgical repair for stenosis of hemodialysis grafts. A randomized study. Am J Surg. 1987;153:530-1.

435. Jiménez-Almonacid P, Gruss-Vergara E, Jiménez-Toscano M, Lasala M, Rueda JA, Portolés J, et al. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las estenosis yuxtaanastomóticas en las fístulas arteriovenosas radiocefálicas de hemodiálisis. Nueva anastomosis proximal. Nefrología. 2012;32:517-22.

436. Mortamais J, Papillard M, Girouin N, Boutier R, Cougnaud L, Martin X, et al. Endovascular treatment of juxta-anastomotic venous stenoses of forearm radiocephalic fistulas: long-term results and prognostic factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24:558-64.

437. Haage P, Günther RW. Radiological intervention to maintain vascular access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:84-9.

438. Schild AF. Maintaining vascular access: the management of hemodialysis arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Access. 2010;11:92-9.

439. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Pengloan J, Bourquelot P. Interventional radiology in hemodialysis fistulae and grafts: a multidisciplinary approach. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2002;25:3-16.

440. Vesely TM, Siegel JB. Use of the peripheral cutting balloon to treat hemodialysis-related stenoses. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16:1593-603.

441. Patel D, Ray CE Jr, Lokken RP, Bui JT, Lipnik AJ, Gaba RC. Advanced Stent Graft Treatment of Venous Stenosis Affecting Hemodialysis Vascular Access: Case Illustrations. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2016;33:39-45.

442. Shemesh D, Goldin I, Zaghal I, Berlowitz D, Raveh D, Olsha O. Angioplasty with stent graft versus bare stent for recurrent cephalic arch stenosis in autogenous arteriovenous access for hemodialysis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:1524-31, 1531.e1-2.

443. Carmona J, Rits Y, Jones B, Dowers L, Bednarski D, Rubin JR. Patency of the Viabahn stent graft for the treatment of outflow stenosis in hemodialysis grafts. Am J Surg. 2016;211:551-4.

444. Beathard G. Pseudoaneurysm and aneurysm formation. En: Asif A, Agarwal AK, Yevzlin AS, Wu S, Berthard G, Eds. Interventional nephrology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p. 259-67.

445. Pirozzi N, Pettorini L, Scrivano J, Menè P, Karam L, Bouquelot P. Limberg skin flap for treatment of necrosis and bleeding at haemodialysis arteriovenous angioaccess puncture sites. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;46:283-387.

446. De Rango P, Parente B, Cieri E, Bonanno P, Farchioni L, Manzone A, et al. Percutaneous approach in the maintenance and salvage of dysfunctional autologous vascular access for dialysis. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:381-7.

447. Bourquelot P. Access induced distal ischemia. In: Asif A, Agarwal AK, Yevzlin AS, Wu S, Berthard G, Eds. Interventional nephrology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p. 601-14.

448. Bourquelot P, Gaudric J, Turmel-Rodrigues L, Franco G, Van Laere O, Raynaud A. Transposition of radial artery for reduction of excessive high-flow in autogenous arm accesses for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49:424-8.

449. Sivananthan G, Menashe L, Halin NJ. Cephalic arch stenosis in dialysis patients: review of clinical relevance, anatomy, current theories on etiology and management. J Vasc Access. 2014;15:157-62.

450. Bennett S, Hammes MS, Blicharski T, Watson S, Funaki B. Characterization of the cephalic arch and location of stenosis. J Vasc Access. 2015;16:13-8.

451. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Pengloan J, Baudin S, Testo D, Abaza M, Dahdah G, et al. Treatment of stenosis and thrombosis in haemodialysis fistulas and grafts by interventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:2029-36.

452. Rajan DK, Clark TW, Patel NK, Stavropoulos SW, Simons ME. Prevalence and treatment of cephalic arch stenosis in dysfunctional autogenous hemodialysis fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:567-73.

453. Daoui R, Asif A. Cephalic arch stenosis: mechanisms and management strategies. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32:538-44.

454. Hammes MS, Boghosian ME, Cassel KW, Funaki B, Coe FL. Characteristic differences in cephalic arch geometry for diabetic and non-diabetic ESRD patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:2190-4.

455. aberi A, Schwartz D, Marticorena R, Dacouris N, Prabhudesai V, McFarlane P, et al. Risk factors for the development of cephalic arch stenosis. J Vasc Access. 2007;8:287-95.

456. Miller GA, Friedman A, Khariton A, Preddie DC, Savransky Y. Access flow reduction and recurrent symptomatic cephalic arch stenosis in brachiocephalic hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Access. 2010;11:281-7.

457. Dukkipati R, Lee L, Atray N, Kajani R, Nassar G, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Outcomes of cephalic arch stenosis with and without stent placement after percutaneous balloon angioplasty in hemodialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2015;28:E7-10.

458. Quinn SF, Schuman ES, Demlow TA, Standage BA, Ragsdale JW, Green GS, Sheley RC. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty versus endovascular stent placement in the treatment of venous stenoses in patients undergoing hemodialysis: intermediate results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1995;6:851-5.

459. Heerwagen ST, Lönn L, Schroeder TV, Hansen MA. Cephalic arch stenosis in autogenous brachiocephalic hemodialysis fistulas: results of cutting balloon angioplasty. J Vasc Access. 2010;11:41-5.

460. Shawyer A, Fotiadis NI, Namagondlu G, Iyer A, Blunden M, Raftery M, et al. Cephalic arch stenosis in autogenous haemodialysis fistulas: treatment with the viabahn stent-graft. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2013;36:133-9.

461. Chen JC, Kamal DM, Jastrzebski J, Taylor DC. Venovenostomy for outflow venous obstruction in patients with upper extremity autogenous hemodialysis arteriovenous access. Ann Vasc Surg. 2005;19:629-35.

462. Kian K, Unger SW, Mishler R, Schon D, Lenz O, Asif A. Role of surgical intervention for cephalic arch stenosis in the “fistula first” era. Semin Dial. 2008;21:93-6.

463. Sigala F, Saßen R, Kontis E, Kiefhaber LD, Förster R, Mickley V. Surgical treatment of cephalic arch stenosis by central transposition of the cephalic vein. J Vasc Access. 2014;15:272-7.

464. Shenoy S. Cephalic arch stenosis: surgery as first line therapy. J Vasc Access. 2007;8:149-51.

465. Altman SD. A practical approach for diagnosis and treatment of central venous stenosis and occlusion. Semin Vasc Surg. 2007;20:189-94.

466. Agarwal AK. Central vein stenosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61:1001-15.

467. Anaya-Ayala JE, Smolock CJ, Colvard BD, Naoum JJ, Bismuth J, Lumsden AB, et al. Efficacy of covered stent placement for central venous occlusive disease in hemodialysis patients. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:754-9.

468. Kalman PG, Lindsay TF, Clarke K, Sniderman KW, Vanderburgh L. Management of upper extremity central venous obstruction using interventional radiology. Ann Vasc Surg. 1998;12:202-6.

469. Levit RD, Cohen RM, Kwak A, Shlansky-Goldberg RD, Clark TW, Patel AA, et al. Asymptomatic central venous stenosis in hemodialysis patients. Radiology. 2006;238:1051-6.

470. Chang CJ, Ko PJ, Hsu LA, Ko YS, Ko YL, Chen CF, et al. Highly increased cell proliferation activity in the restenotic hemodialysis vascular access after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: implication in prevention of restenosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:74-84.

471. Buriánková E, Köcher M, Bachleda P, Utíkal P, Kojecký Z, Cerná M, et al. Endovascular treatment of central venous stenoses in patients with dialysis shunts. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2003;147:203-6.

472. Ozyer U, Harman A, Yildirim E, Aytekin C, Karakayali F, Boyvat F. Long-term results of angioplasty and stent placement for treatment of central venous obstruction in 126 hemodialysis patients: a 10-year single-center experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193:1672-9.

473. Kim YC, Won JY, Choi SY, Ko HK, Lee KH, Lee do Y, et al. Percutaneous treatment of central venous stenosis in hemodialysis patients: long-term outcomes. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2009;32:271-8.

474. Green LD, Lee DS, Kucey DS. A metaanalysis comparing surgical thrombectomy, mechanical thrombectomy, and pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for thrombosed dialysis grafts. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:939-45.

475. Wen SC, Pu SY, Tsai KC, Yang CC, Wu CC, Chen WJ. AngioJet Thrombectomy to Salvage Thrombosed Native Dialysis Fistulas. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2011;27:101-8.

476. Ito Y, Sato T, Okada R, Nakamura N, Kimura K, Takahashi R, et al. Comparison of clinical effectiveness between surgical and endovascular treatment for thrombotic obstruction in hemodialysis access. J Vasc Access. 2011;12:63-6.

477. Fan PY, Schwab SJ. Vascular access: concepts for the 1990s. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;3:1-11.

478. Schwab SJ, Harrington JT, Singh A, Roher R, Shohaib SA, Perrone RD, et al. Vascular access for hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1999;55:2078-90.

479. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, Egrie JC, Nissenson AR, Okamoto DM, et al. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:584-90.

480. Sands JJ, Nudo SA, Ashford RG, Moore KD, Ortel TL. Antibodies to topical bovine thrombin correlate with access thrombosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:796-801.

481. Górriz JL, Sancho A, Pallardó LM, Ávila A, Martínez-Rubio J, Palmero J, et al. La trombectomía endoluminal percutánea como tratamiento de la trombosis aguda del acceso vascular: resultados a largo plazo de 123 procedimientos. Nefrología. 2001;21:182-90.

482. Turmel-Rodrigues LA. Declotting a thrombosed Brescia-Cimino fistula by manual catheter-directed aspiration of the thrombus. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005;28:10-6.

483. Yang CC, Yang CW, Wen SC, Wu CC. Comparisons of clinical outcomes for thrombectomy devices with different mechanisms in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;80:1035-41.

484. Turmel-Rodrigues L. Hemodialysis access declotting: a native fístula is not a prosthetic graft (letter). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11:135-6.

485. Silicott GR, Vannix RS, De Palma JR. Repair versus new arteriovenous fistula. Trans Am Soc Artif Organs. 1980;26:99.

486. Bone GE, Pomajzl MJ. Management of dialysis fistula thrombosis. Am J Surg. 1979;138:901.

487. Jiménez-Almonacid P, Gruss E, Lasala M, Del Riego S, López G, Rueda JA, et al. Economic repercussions of implementing a protocol for urgent surgical repair of thrombosed arteriovenous fistulae. Nefrología. 2014;34:377-82.

488. Georgiadis GS, Lazarides MK, Lambidis CD, Panagoutsos SA, Kostakis AG, Bastounis EA, et al. Use of short PTFE segments (<6 cm) compares favorably with pure autologous repair in failing or thrombosed native arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:76-81.

489. Cull DL, Washer JD, Carsten CG, Keahey G, Johnson B. Description and outcomes of a simple surgical technique to treat thrombosed autogenous accesses. J Vasc Surg. 2012;56:861-5.

490. Cho SK, Han H, Kim SS, Lee JY, Shin SW, Do YS, Park KB, Choo SW, Choo IW. Percutaneous treatment of failed native dialysis fistulas: use of pulse-spray pharmacomechanical thrombolysis as the primary mode of therapy. Korean J Radiol. 2006;7:180-6.

491. Heye S, Van Kerkhove F, Claes K, Maleux G. Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy with the Castañeda brush catheter in thrombosed hemodialysis grafts and native fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18:1383-8.

492. Boonsrirat U, Hongsakul K. Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for the treatment of thrombosed native arteriovenous fistula: a single-center experience. Pol J Radiol. 2014;79:363-7.

493. Beathard GA. Mechanical versus pharmacomechanical thrombolysis for the treatment of thrombosed dialysis access grafts. Kidney Int. 1994;45:1401-6.

494. Trerotola SO, Vesely TM, Lund GB, Soulen MC, Ehrman KO, Cardella JF. Treatment of thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts: Arrow-Trerotola percutaneous thrombolytic device versus pulse-spray thrombolysis. Arrow-Trerotola Percutaneous Thrombolytic Device Clinical Trial. Radiology. 1998;206:403-14.

495. Barth KH, Gosnell MR, Palestrant AM, Martin LG, Siegel JB, Matalon TA, et al. Hydrodynamic thrombectomy system versus pulse-spray thrombolysis for thrombosed hemodialysis grafts: a multicenter prospective randomized comparison. Radiology. 2000;217:678-84.

496. Vogel PM, Bansal V, Marshall MW. Thrombosed hemodialysis grafts: lyse and wait with tissue plasminogen activator or urokinase compared to mechanical thrombolysis with the Arrow-Trerotola Percutaneous Thrombolytic Device. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12:1157-65.

497. Vashchenko N, Korzets A, Neiman C, Bachar GN, Ori Y, Belenky A, et al. Retrospective comparison of mechanical percutaneous thrombectomy of hemodialysis arteriovenous grafts with the Arrow-Trerotola device and the lyse and wait technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:1626-9.

498. Bush RL, Lin PH, Lumsden AB: Management of thrombosed dialysis access: thrombectomy versus thrombolysis. Semin Vasc Surg. 2004:17:32-39.

499. Tordoir JH, Bode AS, Peppelenbosch N, Van der Sande FM, De Haan MW. Surgical or endovascular repair of thrombosed dialysis vascular access: is there any evidence? J Vasc Surg. 2009;50:953-6.

500. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Pengloan J, Rodrigue H, Brillet G, Lataste A, Pierre D, et al. Treatment of failed native arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis by interventional radiology. Kidney Int. 2000;57:1124-40.

501. Moossavi S, Regan JD, Pierson ED, Kasey JM, Tuttle AB, Vachharajani TJ, Bettmann MA, Russell GB, Freedman BI. Non-surgical salvage of thrombosed arteriovenous fistulae: a case series and review of the literature. Semin Dial. 2007;20:459-64.

502. Morosetti M, Meloni C, Gandini R, Galderisi C, Pampana E, Frattarelli D, et al. Surgery versus interventional radiology in the management of thrombosed vascular access for hemodialysis. J Vasc Access. 2002;3:97-100.

503. Loth F, Jones SA, Zarins CK, Giddens DP, Nassar RF, Glagov S, et al. Relative contribution of wall shear stress and injury in experimental intimal thickening at PTFE end-to-side arterial anastomoses. J Biomech Eng. 2002;124:44-51.

504. Fillinger MF, Reinitz ER, Schwartz RA, Resetarits DE, Paskanik AM, Bruch D, et al. Graft geometry and venous intimal-medial hyperplasia in arteriovenous loop grafts. J Vasc Surg. 1990;11:556-66.

505. Kuhan G, Antoniou GA, Nikam M, Mitra S, Farquharson F, Brittenden J, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing surgery versus endovascular therapy for thrombosed arteriovenous fistulas and grafts in hemodialysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2013;36:699-705.

506a. Nassar GM, Suki D, Rhee E, Khan AJ, Nguyen B, Achkar K. Outcomes of arteriovenous grafts following simultaneous thrombectomy and stent graft placement across the venous anastomosis. Semin Dial. 2014;27(6):639-44.

506. Cohen A, Korzets A, Neyman H, Ori Y, Baytner S, Belenky A, et al. Endovascular interventions of juxtaanastomotic stenoses and thromboses of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20:66-70.

507. Jain G, Maya ID, Allon M. Outcomes of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Semin Dial. 2008:21:581-3.

508. Bittl JA, Cohen DJ, Seek MM, Feldman RL: Economic analysis of angiography and preemptive angioplasty to prevent hemodialysis-access thrombosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;75:14-21.

509. Lee H, Manns BJ, Taub K, Ghali WA, Dean S, Johnson D, et al. Cost analysis of ongoing care of patients with end-stage renal disease: The impact of dialysis modality and dialysis access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:611-22.

510. Manns B, Tonelli M, Yilmaz S, Lee H, Laupland K, Klarenbach S. Establishment and maintenance of vascular access in incident hemodialysis patients: A prospective cost analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:201-9.

511. Coentrao L, Bizarro C, Neto R, Pestana M. Percutaneous treatment of thrombosed arteriovenous fistula: clinical and economic implications. clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:2245-50.

512. Asif A, Roy-Chaudhury P, Beathard GA. Early arteriovenous fistula failure: a logical proposal for when and how to intervene. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:332-9.

513. Won T, Jang JW, Lee S, Han JJ, Park YS, Ahn JH. Effects of intraoperative blood flow on the early patency of radiocephalic fistulas. Ann Vasc Surg. 2000;14:468-72.

514. Yerdel MA, Kesenci M, Yazicioglu KM, Döseyen Z Türkçapar AG, Anadol E. Effect of haemodynamic variables on surgically created arteriovenous fistula flow. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:1684-8.

515. Robbin ML, Chamberlain NE, Lockhart ME, Gallichio MH, Young CJ, Deierhoi MH, et al. Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula maturity: US evaluation. Radiology. 2002;225:59-64.

516. Beathard GA, Arnold P, Jackson J, Litchfield T; Physician Operators Forum of RMS Lifeline. Aggressive treatment of early fistula failure. Kidney Int.2003;64:1487-94.

517. Malovrh M. Non-matured arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis: diagnosis, endovascular and surgical treatment. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2010;10 (Suppl 1):S13-7.

518. Beathard GA, Settle SM, Shields MW. Salvage of the nonfunctioning arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:910-6.

519. Voormolen EH, Jahrome AK, Bartels LW, Moll FL, Mali WP, Blankestijn PJ. Nonmaturation of arm arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis access: a systematic review of risk factors and results of early treatment. J Vasc Surg. 2009;49:325-36.

520. Singh P, Robbin ML, Lockhart ME, Allon M. Clinically immature arteriovenous hemodialysis fistulas: effect of US on salvage. Radiology. 2007;246:299-305.

521. Falk A. Optimizing hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula maturation. J Vasc Access. 2011;12:1-3.

522. Chawla A, DiRaimo R, Panetta TF. Balloon angioplasty to facilitate autogenous arteriovenous access maturation: a new paradigm for upgrading small-caliber veins, improved function, and surveillance. Semin Vasc Surg. 2011;24:82-8.

523. Saad TF. Management of the immature autogenous arteriovenous fistula. Vascular. 2010;18:316-24.

524. Lee T, Ullah A, Allon M, Succop P, El-Khatib M, Munda R, Roy-Chaudhury P. Decreased cumulative access survival in arteriovenous fistulas requiring interventions to promote maturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:575-81.

525. Lee T, Tindni A, Roy-Chaudhury P. Improved cumulative survival in fistulas requiring surgical interventions to promote fistula maturation compared with endovascular interventions. Semin Dial. 2013;26:85-9.

526. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Mouton A, Birmelé B, Billaux L, Ammar N, Grézard O, et al. Salvage of immature forearm fistulas for haemodialysis by interventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:2365-71.

527. Faiyaz R, Abrea K, Zaman F, Pervez A, Zibari G, Work J. Salvage of poorly developed arteriovenous fistulae with percutaneous ligation of accessory veins. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:824-7.

528. Planken RN, Duijm LE, Kessels AG, Leiner T, Kooman JP, Van Der Sande FM, et al. Accessory veins and radial-cephalic arteriovenous fistula non-maturation: a prospective analysis using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. J Vasc Access. 2007;8:281-6.

529. Long B, Brichart N, Lermusiaux P, Turmel-Rodrigues L, Artru B, Boutin JM, et al. Management of perianastomotic stenosis of direct wrist autogenous radial-cephalic arteriovenous accesses for dialysis. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53:108-14.

530. Roy-Chaudhury P, Sukhatme VP, Cheung AK. Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction: a cellular and molecular viewpoint. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:1112-27.

531. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Boutin JM, Camiade C, Brillet G, Fodil-Chérif M, Mouton A. Percutaneous dilation of the radial artery in nonmaturing autogenous radial-cephalic fistulas for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3782-8.

532. Schild AF, Simon S, Prieto J, Raines J. Single-center review of infections associated with 1,574 consecutive vascular access procedures. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2003;37:27-31.

533. Ryan SV, Calligaro KD, Dougherty MJ. Management of hemodialysis access infections. Semin Vasc Surg. 2004;17:40-4.

534. Akoh JA, Patel N. Infection of hemodialysis arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Access. 2010;11:155-8.

535. Schutte WP, Helmer SD, Salazar L, Smith JL. Surgical treatment of infected prosthetic dialysis arteriovenous grafts: total versus partial graft excision. Am J Surg. 2007;193:385-8.

536. Walz P, Ladowski JS. Partial excision of infected fistula results in increased patency at the cost of increased risk of recurrent infection. J Vasc Access. 2008;9:231-5.

537. Schwab DP, Taylor SM, Cull DL, Langan EM 3rd, Snyder BA, Sullivan TM, et al. Isolated arteriovenous dialysis access graft segment infection: the results of segmental bypass and partial graft excision. Ann Vasc Surg. 2000;14:63-6.

538. Lin PH, Brinkman WT, Terramani TT, Lumsden AB. Management of infected hemodialysis access grafts using cryopreserved human vein allografts. Am J Surg. 2002;184:31-6.

539. Bolton WD, Cull DL, Taylor SM, Carsten CG 3rd, Snyder BA, Sullivan TM et al. The use of cryopreserved femoral vein grafts for hemodialysis access in patients at high risk for infection: a word of caution. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:464-8.

540. Schanzer A, Ciaranello AL, Schanzer H. Brachial artery ligation with total graft excision is a safe and effective approach to prosthetic arteriovenous graft infections. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:655-8.

541. Töpel I, Betz T, Uhl C, Wiesner M, Bröckner S, Steinbauer M. Use of biosynthetic prosthesis (Omniflow II®) to replace infected infrainguinal prosthetic grafts—first results. Vasa. 2012;41:215-20.

542. Wiltberger G, Matia I, Schmelzle M, Krenzien F, Hau HM, Freitas B, et al. Mid- and long-term results after replacement of infected peripheral vascular prosthetic grafts with biosynthetic collagen prosthesis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2014;55:693-8.

543. Leon C, Asif A. Arteriovenous access and hand pain: the distal hypoperfusion ischemic syndrome Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:175-83.

544. Wixon CL, Hughes JD, Mills JL. Understanding strategies for the treatment of ischemic steal syndrome after hemodialysis access. J Am Coll Surg. 2000;191:301-10.

545. Scali ST, Huber TS. Treatment strategies for access-related hand ischemia. Semin Vasc Surg. 2011;24:128-36.

546. Scheltinga MR, Van Hoek F, Bruijninckx CM. Time of onset in haemodialysis access-induced distal ischaemia (HAIDI) is related to the access type. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3198-204.

547. Fontaine R, Kim M, Kieny R. Surgical treatment of peripheral circulation disorders. Helv Chir Acta. 1954;21:499-533.

548. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007;45 (Suppl) S:S5-67.

549. Mickley V. Steal syndrome—strategies to preserve vascular access and extremity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:19-24.

550. Tynan-Cuisinier GS, Berman SS. Strategies for predicting and treating access induced ischemic steal syndrome. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32:309-15.

551. Salman L, Maya ID, Asif A. Current concepts in the pathophysiology and management of arteriovenous access-induced hand ischemia. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2009;16:371-7.

552. Miles AM. Vascular steal syndrome and ischaemic monomelic neuropathy: two variants of upper limb ischaemia after haemodialysis vascular access surgery. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:297-300.

553. Valentine RJ, Bouch CW, Scott DJ, Li S, Jackson MR, Modrall JG, et al. Do preoperative finger pressures predict early arterial steal in hemodialysis access patients? A prospective analysis. J Vasc Surg. 2002;36:351-6.

554. Malovrh M. The role of sonography in the planning of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2003;16:299-303.

555. Gupta N, Yuo TH, Konig G 4th, Dillavou E, Leers SA, Chaer RA, et al. Treatment strategies of arterial steal after arteriovenous access. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:162-7.

556. Asif A, Leon C, Merrill D, Bhimani B, Ellis R, Ladino M, et al. Arterial Steal syndrome: a modest proposal for an old paradigm. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48:88-97.

557. Vaes RH, Wouda R, Van Loon M, Van Hoek F, Tordoir JH, Scheltinga MR. Effectiveness of surgical banding for high flow in brachial artery based haemodialysis vascular access. J Vasc Surg. 2014;61:762-6.

558. Scheltinga MR, Van Hoek F, Bruyninckx CM. Surgical banding for refractory hemodialysis access-induced distal ischemia (HAIDI). J Vasc Access. 2009;10:43-9.

559. Zanow J, Petzold K, Petzold M, Krueger U, Scholz H. Flow reduction in high-flow arteriovenous access using intraoperative flow monitoring. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:1273-8.

560. Schanzer H, Schwartz M, Harrington E, Haimov M. Treatment of ischemia due to “steal” by arteriovenous fistula with distal artery ligation and revascularization. J Vasc Surg. 1988;7:770-3.

561. Huber TS, Brown MP, Seeger JM, Lee WA. Midterm outcome after the distal revascularization and interval ligation (DRIL) procedure. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:926-32.

562. Zanow J, Krueger U, Reddemann P, Scholz H. Experimental study of hemodynamics in procedures to treat access-related ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48:155-65.

563. Van der Meer S, Zeebregts C, Tielliu I, Verhoeven E, Van den Dungen J. Modified distal revascularization with interval ligation procedure for steal syndrome after arteriovenous fistula creation for hemodialysis access. Vascular. 2007;15:226-30.

564. Gradman WS, Pozrikidis C. Analysis of options for mitigating hemodialysis access-related ischemic steal phenomena. Ann Vasc Surg. 2004;18:59-65.

565. Zanow J, Kruger U, Scholz H. Proximalization of the arterial inflow: a new technique to treat access-related ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:1216-21.

566. Thermann F. Intervention for access-induced ischemia: which option is the best? J Vasc Access. 2015;16 (Suppl 9):S102-7.

567. Thermann F, Wollert U, Ukkat J, Dralle H. Proximalization of the arterial inflow (PAI) in patients with dialysis access-induced ischemic syndrome: first report on long-term clinical results. J Vasc Access. 2010;11:143-9.

568. Andrade JL, Paschôa AF, Van Bellen B. Bridge graft to a small distal artery after fistula ligation for angioaccess-induced ischemia: report of two cases. J Vasc Access. 2004;5:33-5.

569. Minion DJ, Moore E, Endean E. Revision using distal inflow: a novel approach to dialysis-associated steal syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg. 2005;19:625-8.

570. Vaes RH, Van Loon M, Vaes SM, Cuypers P, Tordoir JH, Scheltinga MR. One-year efficacy of the RUDI technique for flow reduction in high-flow autologous brachial artery-based hemodialysis vascular access. J Vasc Access. 2015;16 (Suppl 9): S96-101.

571. Miller GA, Khariton K, Kardos SV, Koh E, Goel N, Khariton A. Flow interruption of the distal radial artery: treatment for finger ischemia in a matured radiocephalic AVF. J Vasc Access. 2008;9:58-63.

572. Goel N, Miller GA, Jotwani MC, Licht J, Schur I, Arnold WP. Minimally Invasive Limited Ligation Endoluminal-assisted Revision (MILLER) for treatment of dialysis access associated steal syndrome. Kidney Int. 2006;70:765-70.

573. Miller GA, Goel N, Friedman A, Khariton A, Jotwani MC, Savransky Y, et al. The MILLER banding procedure is an effective method for treating dialysis-associated steal syndrome. Kidney Int. 2010;77:359-66.

574. Bourquelot P, Gaudric J, Turmel-Rodrigues L, Franco G, Van Laere O, Raynaud A. Proximal radial artery ligation (PRAL) for reduction of flow in autogenous radial cephalic accesses for haemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;40:94-9.

575. Valji K, Hye RJ, Roberts AC, Oglevie SB, Ziegler T, Bookstein JJ. Hand ischemia in patients with hemodialysis access grafts: Angiographic diagnosis and treatment. Radiology. 1995;196:697-701.

576. Pasklinsky G, Meisner RJ, Labropoulos N, Leon L, Gasparis AP, Landau D, et al. Management of true aneurysms of hemodialysis access fistulas. J Vasc Surg. 2011;53:1291-7.

577. Mestres G, Fontsere N, Yugueros X, Tarazona M, Ortiz I, Riambau V. Aneurysmal degeneration of the inflow artery after arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014;48:592-6.

578. Rajput A, Rajan DK, Simons ME, Sniderman KW, Jaskolka JD, Beecroft JR, et al. Venous aneurysms in autogenous hemodialysis fistulas: is there an association with venous outflow stenosis. J Vasc Access. 2013;14:126-30.

579. Jankovic A, Donfrid B, Adam J, Ilic M, Djuric Z, Damjanovic T, et al. Arteriovenous fistula aneurysm in patients on regular hemodialysis: prevalence and risk factors. Nephron Clin Pract. 2013;124:94-8.

580. Watson KR, Gallagher M, Ross R, Severn A, Nagy J, Cochrane L, et ak. The aneurysmal arteriovenous fistula –morphological study and assessment of clinical implications. A pilot study. Vascular. 2015; 23:498-503.

581. Mudoni A, Cornacchiari M, Gallieni M, Guastoni C, McGrogan D, Logias F, et al. Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms in dialysis access. Clin Kidney J. 2015;8:363-7.

582. Field MA, McGrogan DG, Tullet K, Inston NG. Arteriovenous fistula aneurysms in patients with Alport’s. J Vasc Access. 2013;14:397-9.

583. Balaz P, Björck M. True aneurysm in autologous hemodialysis fistulae: definitions, classification and indications for treatment. J Vasc Access. 2015;16:446-53.

584. Almehmi A, Wang S. Partial aneurysmectomy is effective in managing aneurysm-associated complications of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis: case series and literature review. Semin Dial 2012;25:357-64.

585. Belli S, Parlakgumus A, Colakoglu T, Ezer A, Yildirim S, Moray G, et al. Surgical treatment modalities for complicated aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:438-45.

586. Hossny A. Partial aneurysmectomy for salvage of autogenous arteriovenous fistula with complicated venous aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59:1073-7.

587. Piccolo C 3rd, Madden N, Famularo M, Domer G, Mannella W Partial Aneurysmectomy of Venous Aneurysms in Arteriovenous Dialysis Fistulas. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2015;49:124-8.

588. Balaz P, Rokosny S, Klein D, Adamec M. Aneurysmorrhaphy is an easy technique for arteriovenous fistula salvage. J Vasc Access. 2008;9:81-4.

589. Woo K, Cook PR, Garg J, Hye RJ, Canty TG. Midterm results of a novel technique to salvage autogenous dialysis access in aneurysmal arteriovenous fistulas. J Vasc Surg. 2010;51:921-5.

590. Bachleda P, Utíkal P, Kalinová L, Váchalová M. Surgical remodelling of haemodialysis fistula aneurysms. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2011;40:136-9.

591. Allaria PM, Costantini E, Lucatello A, Gandini E, Caligara F, Giangrande A. Aneurysm of arteriovenous fistula in uremic patients: is endograft a viable therapeutic approach? J Vasc Access. 2002;3:85-8.

592. Shemesh D, Goldin I, Zaghal I, Berelowitz D, Verstandig AG, Olsha O. Stent graft treatment for hemodialysis access aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2011;54:1088-94.

593. Chemla E, Nortley M, Morsy M. Brachial artery aneurysms associated with arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2010;23:440-4.

594. Eugster T, Wigger P, Bölter S, Bock A, Hodel K, Stierli P. Brachial artery dilatation after arteriovenous fistulae in patients after renal transplantation: a 10-year follow-up with ultrasound scan. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37:564-7.

595. Marzelle J, Gashi V, Nguyen H-D, Mouton A, Becquemin J-P Bourquelot P. Aneurysmal degeneration of the donor artery after vascular access. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55:1052-7.

596. Padberg FT Jr, Calligaro KD, Sidawy AN. Complications of arteriovenous hemodialysis access: recognition and management. J Vasc Surg. 2008;48 (Suppl 5):55S-80S.

597. Witz M, Werner M, Bernheim J, Shnaker A, Lehmann J, Korzets Z. Ultrasound-guided compression repair of pseudoaneurysms complicating a forearm dialysis arteriovenous fistula. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:1453-4.

598. Reichle J, Teitel E. Sonographically guided obliteration of multiple pseudoaneurysms complicating a dialysis shunt. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:222.

599. Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Kouhi A, Kohan L. Surgical management of aneurysmal dilation of vein and pseudoaneurysm complicating hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula. Indian J Surg. 2007;69:230-6.

600. Zheng YH, Liu CW, Guan H, Gan HB, Kuok U, Li CL, et al. Surgical management of pseudoaneurysm complicating arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. Chin Med Sci J. 2007;22:196-8.

601. Georgiadis GS, Lazarides MK, Panagoutsos SA, Kantartzi KM, Lambidis CD, Staramos DN, et al. Surgical revision of complicated false and true vascular access-related aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47:1284-91.

602. Ghersin E, Karram T, Gaitini D, Ofer A, Nitecki S, Schwarz H, et al. Percutaneous ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms in unusual sites. J Ultrasound Med. 2003;22:809-16.

603. Shah AS, Valdes J, Charlton-Ouw KM, Chen Z, Coogan SM, Amer HM, et al. Endovascular treatment of hemodialysis access pseudoaneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55:1058-62.

604. Najibi S, Bush RL, Terramani TT, Chaikof EL, Gunnoud AB, Lumsden AB, et al. Covered stent exclusion of dialysis access pseudoaneurysms. J Surg Res. 2002;106:15-9.

605. Kinning AJ, Becker RW, Fortin GJ, Molnar RG, Dall’Olmo CA. Endograft salvage of hemodialysis accesses threatened by pseudoaneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2013;57:137-43.

606. Delorme JM, Guidoin R, Canizales S, Charara J, How T, Marois Y, et al. Vascular access for hemodialysis: pathologic features of surgically excised ePTFE grafts. Ann Vasc Surg. 1992;6:517-24.

607. Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Argyriou C. Aneurysm formation and infection in AV prosthesis. J Vasc Access. 2014;15 (Suppl 7):S120-4.

608. Fotiadis N, Shawyer A, Namagondlu G, Iyer A, Matson M, Yaqoob MM. Endovascular repair of symptomatic hemodialysis access graft pseudoaneurysms. J Vasc Access. 2013;15:5-11.

609. Kim CY, Guevara CJ, Engstrom BI, Gage SM, O’Brien PJ, Miller MJ, et al. Analysis of infection risk following covered stent exclusion of pseudoaneurysms in prosthetic arteriovenous hemodialysis access grafts. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;3:69-74.

610. Barshes NR, Annambhotla S, Bechara C, Kougias P, Huynh TT, Dardik A, et al. Endovascular repair of hemodialysis graft-related pseudoaneurysm: an alternative treatment strategy in salvaging failing dialysis access. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2008;42:228-34.

611. Pandolfe LR, Malamis AP, Pierce K, Borge MA. Treatment of hemodialysis graft pseudoaneurysms with stent grafts: institutional experience and review of the literature. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2009;26:89-95.

612. Vesely TM. Use of stent grafts to repair hemodialysis graft-related pseudoaneurysms. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16:1301-7.

613. United States Renal Data System. 2014 USRDS annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. (Internet) Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2014. Disponible en: http://www.usrds.org/2014/view/Default.aspx

614. Stack AG, Bloembergen WE. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence and clinical correlates of congestive heart failure among incident US dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:992-1000.

615. Malas MB, Canner JK, Hicks CW, Arhuidese IJ, Zarkowsky DS, Qazi U, et al. Trends in incident hemodialysis access and mortality. JAMA Surg. 2015;150:441-8.

616. Zoccali C, Benedetto FA, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G, Giacone G, Stancanelliv B, et al. Left ventricular mass monitoring in the follow-up of dialysis patients: prognostic value of left ventricular hypertrophy progression. Kidney Int. 2004;65:1492-8.

617. Guyton AC, Sagawa K. Compensations of cardiac output and other circulatory functions in arreflex dogs with large A-V fistulas. Am J Physiol. 1961;200:1157-63.

618. Kang L, Yamada S, Hernandez MC, Croatt AJ, Grande JP, Juncos JP, et al. Regional and systemic haemodynamic responses following the creation of a murine arteriovenous fistula. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011;301:F845-51.

619. Unger P, Wissing KM. Arteriovenous fistula after renal transplantation: utility, futility or threat? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:254-7.

620. Korsheed S, Eldehni MT, John SG, Fluck RJ, McIntyre CW. Effects of arteriovenous fistula formation on arterial stiffness and cardiovascular performance and function. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:3296-302.

621. Ori Y, Korzets A, Katz M, Erman A, Weinstein T, Malachi T, et al. The contribution of an arteriovenous access for hemodialysis to left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:745-52.

622. Ori Y, Korzets A, Katz M, Perek Y, Zahavi I, Gafter U. Hemodialysis arteriovenous access—a prospective haemodynamic evaluation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11:94-7.

623. Yigla M, Abassi Z, Reisner SA, Nakhoul F. Pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients: an unrecognized threat. Semin Dial. 2006;19:353-7.

624. Vaziri ND. Effect of chronic renal failure on nitric oxide metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(4 Suppl 1):S74-9.

625. London GM. Left ventricular alterations and end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17 (Suppl 1):29-36.

626. Grossman W, Jones D, McLaurin LP. Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J Clin Invest. 1975;56:56-64.

627. London GM. Cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure: pathophysiologic aspects. Semin Dial. 2003;16:85-94.

628. MacRae JM, Levin A, Belenkie I. The cardiovascular effects of arteriovenous fistulas in chronic kidney disease: a cause for concern? Semin Dial. 2006;19:349-52.

629. Foley RN, Murray AM, Li S, Herzog CA, McBean AM, Eggers PW, et al. Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement, and death in the United States Medicare population, 1998 to 1999. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:489-95.

630. Roca-Tey R, Arcos E, Comas J, Cao H, Tort J. Starting hemodialysis with catheter and mortality risk: persistent association in a competing risk analysis. J Vasc Access. 2016;17:20-8.

631. Anand IS, Florea VG. High output cardiac failure. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2001;3:151-9.

623. Sumner DS. Hemodynamics and pathophysiology of arteriovenous fistula. En: Rutherford RB, editor. Vascular surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 1400-25.

633. Stern AB, Klemmer PJ. High-output heart failure secondary to arteriovenous fistula. Hemodial Int. 2011;15:104-7.

634. Young PR Jr, Rohr MS, Marterre WF Jr. High-output cardiac failure secondary to a brachiocephalic arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula: two cases. Am Surg. 1998;64:239-41.

635. Pandeya S, Lindsay RM. The relationship between cardiac output and access flow during hemodialysis. ASAIO J. 1999;45:135-8.

636. MacRae JM, Pandeya S, Humen DP, Krivitski N, Lindsay RM. Arteriovenous fistula-associated high-output cardiac failure: a review of mechanisms. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:e17-22.

637. Basile C, Lomonte C. When and how should an arterio-venous access be modified because of a high blood flow rate? Semin Dial. 2011;24:396-8.

638. Wasse H, Singapuri MS. High-output heart failure: how to define it, when to treat it, and how to treat it. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32:551-7.

639. Rao NN, Dundon BK, Worthley MI, Faull RJ. The Impact of Arteriovenous Fistulae for Hemodialysis on the Cardiovascular System. Semin Dial. 2016;29:214-21.

640. Wijnen E, Keuter XH, Planken NR, Van der Sande FM, Tordoir JH, Leunissen KM, et al.The relation between vascular access flow and different types of vascular access with systemic hemodynamics in hemodialysis patients. Artif Organs. 2005;29:960-4.

641. Chemla ES, Morsy M, Anderson L, Whitmore A. Inflow reduction by distalization of anastomosis treats efficiently high-flow high-cardiac output vascular access for hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2007;20:68-72.

642. MacRae JM, Do TH, Rosenbaum D, Levin A, Kiaii M. High flow fistulas and cardiac hemodynamics. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:369A.

643. Basile C, Lomonte C. Pro: the arteriovenous fistula is a blessing of God. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:3752-6.

644. Al-Ghonaim M, Manns BJ, Hirsch DJ, Gao Z, Tonelli M; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Relation between access blood flow and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:387-91.

645. Korsheed S. Higher arteriovenous fistulae blood flows are associated with a lower level of dialysis-induced cardiac injury. Hemodial Int. 2009;13:505-11.

646. Wasse H, Speckman RA, McClellan WM. Arteriovenous fistula use is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality compared with catheter use among ESRD patients. Semin Dial. 2008;21:483-9.

647. Levin A. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease prior to dialysis. Semin Dial. 2003;16:101-5.

648. Van Duijnhoven EC, Cheriex EC, Tordoir JH, Kooman JP, Van Hooff JP. Effect of closure of the arteriovenous fistula on left ventricular dimensions in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:368-72.

649. Unger P, Wissing KM, De Pauw L, Neubauer J, Van de Borne P. Reduction of left ventricular diameter and mass after surgical arteriovenous fistula closure in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2002;74:73-9.

650. Movilli E, Viola BF, Brunori G, Gaqqia P, Camerini C, Zubani R, et al. Long-term effects of arteriovenous fistula closure on echocardiographic functional and structural findings in hemodialysis patients: a prospective study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:682-9.

651. Keuter XH, Kooman JP, Van der Sande FM, Kessels AG, Cheriex EC, Tordoir JH, et al. Effect of upper arm brachial basilic and prosthetic forearm arteriovenous fistula on left ventricular hypertrophy. J Vasc Access. 2007;8:296-301.

652. Chemla ES, Morsy M, Anderson L, Whitemore A. Inflow reduction by distalization of anastomosis treats efficiently high-inflow high-cardiac output vascular access for hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2007;20:68-72.

653. Van Hoek F, Scheltinga M, Luirink M, Pasmans H, Beerenhout C. Banding of hemodialysis access to treat hand ischemia or cardiac overload. Semin Dial. 2009;22:204-8.

654. Palmar CD, Chieng G, Abraham KA, Kumar S, Torella F. Revision using distal inflow for treatment of heart failure secondary to arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. J Vasc Access. 2009;10:62-3.

655. Bourquelot P, Karam L, Raynaud A, Beyssen B, Ricco JB. Amplatzer vascular plug for occlusion or flow reduction of hemodialysis arteriovenous access. J Vasc Surg. 2014;59:260-3.

656. Roca-Tey R. Permanent arteriovenous fistula or catheter dialysis for heart failure patients. Vasc Access. 2016;17 (Suppl 1):S23-9.

657. Miller GA, Hwang WW. Challenges and management of high-flow arteriovenous fistulae. Semin Nephrol. 2012;32:545-50.

658. Vaes RH, Tordoir JH, Scheltinga MR. Systemic effects of a high-flow arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. 2014;15:163-8.

659. Jennings WC, Miller GA, Coburn MZ, Howard CA, Lawless MA. Vascular access flow reduction for arteriovenous fistula salvage in symptomatic patients with central venous occlusion. J Vasc Access. 2012;13:157-62.

660. Schneider CG, Gawad KA, Strate T, Pfalzer B, Izbicki JR. T-banding: a technique for flow reduction of a hyperfunctioning arteriovenous fistula. J Vasc Surg. 2006;43:402-5.

661. Tellioglu G, Berber I, Kilicoglu G, Seymen P, Kara M, Titiz I. Doppler ultrasonography-guided surgery for high-flow hemodialysis vascular access: preliminary results. Transplant Proc. 2008;40:87-9.

662. Schwab SJ, Buller GL, McCann RL, Bollinger RR, Stickel DL. Prospective evaluation of a Dacron cuffed hemodialysis catheter for prolonged use. Am J Kidney Dis. 1988;11:166-9.

663. Moss AH, McLaughlin MM, Lempert KD, Holley JL. Use of a silicone catheter with a Dacron cuff for dialysis short-term vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis. 1988;12:492-8.

664. Alcázar JM, Arenas MD, Álvarez-Ude F, Virto R, Rubio E, Maduell F, et al. Resultados del proyecto de mejora de la calidad de la asistencia en hemodiálisis: estudio multicéntrico de indicadores de calidad de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología (SEN). Nefrología. 2008;28:597-606.

665. Roca Tey R. El acceso vascular para hemodiálisis: la asignatura pendiente. Nefrología. 2010;30:280-7.

666. Noordzij M, Jager KJ, Van der Veer SN, Kramar R, Collart F, Heaf JG, et al. Use of vascular access for haemodialysis in Europe: a report from the ERA-EDTA registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014;29:1956-64.

667. Roca-Tey R, Arcos E, Comas J, Cao H, Tort J; Catalan Renal Registry Committee. Vascular access for incident hemodialysis patients in Catalonia: analysis of data from the Catalan Renal Registry (2000-2011). J Vasc Access. 2015;16:472-9.

668. Polkinghorne KR, Seneviratne M, Kerr PG. Effect of a vascular access nurse coordinator to reduce central venous catheter use in incident hemodialysis patients: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:99-106.

669. Ibeas J, Vallespín J, Fortuño JR, Merino J, Rodríguez-Jornet A, Grau C, et al. The effect of implementating a network computerized protocol in a vascular access team on the outcome of surgery waiting list and catheter incidence. J Vasc Access. 2011;12:173.

670. Lok CE, Mokrzycki MH. Prevention and management of catheter-related infection in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2011;79:587-98.

671. Ocak G, Halbesma N, Le Cessie S, Hoogeveen EK, Van Dijk S, Kooman J, et al. Haemodialysis catheters increase mortality as compared to arteriovenous accesses especially in elderly patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:2611-7.

672. Polkinghorne K, Gulyani A, McDonald S, Hurst K. Haemodialysis. Vascular access at first treatment. En: McDonald S, Clayton P, Hurst K, editors. Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. ANZDATA 35th Annual Report. Adelaide, South Australia: Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry; 2012. p. 5.25-27.

673. Weijmer MC, Vervloet MG, Ter Wee PM. Compared to tunnelled cuffed haemodialysis catheters, temporary untunnelled catheters are associated with more complications already within 2 weeks of use. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:670-7.

674. Roca-Tey R. El acceso vascular del paciente anciano en programa de hemodiàlisis. Nefrología Sup Ext. 2012;3:13-20.

675. Mickley V. Central venous catheters: many questions, few answers. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1368-73.

676. Lee T, Mokrzycki M, Moist L, Maya I, Vazquez M, Lok CE; North American Vascular Access Consortium. Standardized definitions for hemodialysis vascular access. Semin Dial. 2011;24:515-24.

677. Cifarelli M. Graft or CVC? A prosthetic graft is the better choice. G Ital Nefrol. 2009;26:148-53.

678. James MT, Manns BJ, Hemmelgarn BR, Ravani P; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. What’s next after fistula first: is an arteriovenous graft or central venous catheter preferable when an arteriovenous fistula is not possible? Semin Dial. 2009;22:539-44.

679. Frankel A. Temporary access and central venous catheters. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;31:417-22.

680. Kukavica N, Resic H, Sahovic V. Comparison of complications and dialysis adequacy between temporary and permanent tunnelled catheter for haemodialysis. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2009;9:265-70.

681. Vats HS. Complications of catheters: tunneled and nontunneled. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2012;19:188-94.

682. Ash SR. Fluid mechanics and clinical success of central venous catheters for dialysis—answers to simple but persisting problems. Semin Dial. 2007;20:237-56.

683. Clark EG, Barsuk JH. Temporary hemodialysis catheters: recent advances. Kidney Int. 2014;86:888-95.

684. Fan PY. Acute vascular access: new advances. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 1994;1:90-8.

685. Schwab SJ, Beathard G. The hemodialysis catheter conundrum: hate living with them, but can’t live without them. Kidney Int. 1999;56:1-17.

686. Tal MG, Ni N. Selecting optimal hemodialysis catheters: material, design, advanced features, and preferences. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;11:186-91.

687. Oliver MJ. Acute dialysis catheters. Semin Dial. 2001;14:432-5.

688. Ibeas-Lopez J. New technology: heparin and antimicrobial-coated catheters. J Vasc Access. 2015;16 (Suppl 9):S48-53.

689. Morgan D, Ho K, Murray C, Davies H, Louw J. A randomized trial of catheters of different lengths to achieve right atrium versus superior vena cava placement for continuous renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:272-9.

690. Ash SR. The evolution and function of central venous catheter for dialysis. Semin Dial. 2001;14:416-24.

691. Ash SR. Advances in tunneled central venous catheters for dialysis: design and performance. Semin Dial. 2008;21:504-15.

692. Knuttinen MG, Bobra S, Hardman J, Gaba RC, Bui JT, Owens CA. A review of evolving dialysis catheter technologies. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2009;26:106-14.

693. Trerotola SO, Kraus M, Shah H, Namyslowski J, Johnson MS, Stecker MS, et al. Randomized comparison of split tip versus step tip high-flow hemodialysis catheters. Kidney Int. 2002;62:282-9.

694. Rosenblatt M, Caridi JG, Hakki FZ, Jackson J, Kapoian T, Martin SP, et al. Efficacy and safety results with the LifeSite hemodialysis access system versus the Tesio-Cath hemodialysis catheter at 12 months. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17:497-504.

695. Trerotola SO, Shah H, Johnson M, Namyslowski J, Moresco K, Patel N, et al. Randomized comparison of high-flow versus conventional hemodialysis catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;10:1032-8.

696. Schwab SJ, Weiss MA, Rushton F, Ross JP, Jackson J, Kapoian T, et al. Multicenter clinical trial results with the LifeSite hemodialysis access system. Kidney Int. 2002;62:1026-33.

697. Gage SM, Katzman HE, Ross JR, Hohmann SE, Sharpe CA, Butterly DW, et al. Multi-center experience of 164 consecutive hemodialysis reliable outflow (HeRO) graft implants for hemodialysis treatment. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2012;44:93-9.

698. Glickman MH. HeRO Vascular Access Device. Semin Vasc Surg. 2011;24:108-12.

699. Gebhard TA, Bryant JA, Adam Grezaf? J, Pabon-Ramos WM, Gage SM, Miller MJ, et al. Percutaneous interventions on the hemodialysis reliable out?ow vascular access device. Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24:543-9.

700. Wallace JR, Chaer RA, Dillavou ED. Report on the Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) experience in dialysis patients with central venous occlusions. J Vasc Surg. 2013;58:742-7.

701. Hwang HS, Kang SH, Choi SR, Sun IO, Park HS, Kim Y. Comparison of the palindrome vs. step-tip tunneled hemodialysis catheter: a prospective randomized trial. Semin Dial. 2012;25:587-91.

702. Atherikul K, Schwab SJ, Conlon PJ. Adequacy of haemodialysis with cuffed central-vein catheters. Nephrol Dial transplant. 1998;13:745-9.

703. Richard HM 3rd, Hastings GS, Boyd-Kranis RL, Murthy R, Radack DM, Santilli JG, et al. A randomized, prospective evaluation of the Tesio, Ash split, and Opti-flow hemodialysis catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12:431-5.

704. Del Cura Rodríguez JL. Estándares de procedimientos diagnósticos. En: Valdés Solís P, Galindo Sánchez F, Ferrer Puchol MD, editores. Competencias en Radiología Vascular e Intervencionista. Madrid: SERAM-SERVEI; 2010. p. 49-51.

705. Duszak R Jr, Bilal N, Picus D, Hughes DR, Xu BJ. Central venous access: evolving roles of radiology and other specialties nationally over two decades. J Am Coll Radiol. 2013;10:603-12.

706. Mauro MA, Jaques PF. Insertion of Long-term Hemodialysis Catheters by Interventional Radiologists: The Trend Continues. Radiology. 1996;198:316-7.

707. Lewis CA, Allen TE, Burke DR, Cardella JF, Citron SJ, Cole PE, et al. Quality Improvement Guidelines for Central Venous Acces. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:S231-5.

708. Lund GB, Trerotola SO, Schell PF Jr, Savader SJ, Mitchell SE, Venbrux AC, et al. Outcome of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters Placed by Radiologists. Radiology. 1996;198:467-72.

709. Silberzweig JE, Sacks D, Khorsandi AS, Bakal CW; Society of Interventional Radiology Technology Assessment Committee. Reporting standards for central venous access. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14(9 Pt 2):S443-52.

710. Trerotola SO. The Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative: Get Your Copy Now! J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:S353-4.

711. Trerotola SO. Hemodialysis Catheter Placement and Management. Radiology. 2000;215:651-8.

712. Gebauer B, Teichgräber UM, Werk M, Beck A, Wagner HJ. Sonographically guided venous puncture and fluoroscopically guided placement of tunneled, large-bore central venous catheters for bone marrow transplantation-high success rates and low complication rates. Support Care Cancer. 2008;16(8):897-904.

713. Ahn SJ, Kim HC, Chung JW, An SB, Yin YH, Jae HJ, et al. Ultrasound and Fluoroscopy-Guided Placement of Central Venous Ports via Internal Jugular Vein: Retrospective Analysis of 1254 Port Implantations at a Single Center. Korean J Radiol. 2012;13:314-23.

714. Heberlein W. Principles of Tunneled Cuffed Catheter Placement. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;14:192-7.

715. Funaki B. Central venous access: a primer for the diagnostic radiologist. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179:309-18.

716. Yevzlin AS. Hemodialysis catheter-associated central venous stenosis. Semin Dial. 2008;21:522-7.

717. Yevzlin AS, Chan MR, Wolff MR. Percutaneous, non-surgical placement of tunneled, cuffed, external jugular hemodialysis catheters: a case report. J Vasc Access. 2007;8:126-8.

718. Agarwal AK, Patel BM, Haddad NJ. Central Vein Stenosis: A Nephrologist’s Perspective. Semin Dial. 2007;20:53-62.

719. Punzi M, Ferro F, Petrosino F, Masiello P, Villari V, Sica V, Cavaliere G. Use of an intra-aortic Tesio catheter as vascular access for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:830-2.

720. Schillinger F, Schillinger D, Montagnac R, Milcent T. Post catheterization vein stenosis in haemodialysis: comparative angiographic study of 50 subclavian and 50 internal jugular accesses. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1991;6:722-4.

721. Ge X, Cavallazzi R, Li C, Pan SM, Wang YW, Wang FL. Central venous access sites for the prevention of venous thrombosis, stenosis and infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(3):CD004084

722. Parienti JJ, Thirion M, Mégarbane B, Souweine B, Ouchikhe A, Polito A, et al. Femoral vs jugular venous catheterization and risk of nosocomial events in adults requiring acute renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Members of the Cathedia Study Group. JAMA. 2008;299:2413-22.

723. Maya ID, Allon M. Outcomes of tunneled femoral hemodialysis catheters: comparison with internal jugular vein catheters. Kidney Int. 2005;68:2886-9.

724. Dariushnia SR, Wallace MJ, Siddiqi NH, Towbin RB, Wojak JC, Kundu S, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for central venous access. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21:976-81.

725. Falk A. Use of the femoral vein as insertion site for tunneled hemodialysis catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18:217-25.

726. Schon D, Whittman D. Managing the complications of long-term tunneled dialysis catheter. Semin Dial. 2003;16:314-22.

727. Trerotola SO, Johnson MS, Harris VJ, Shah H, Ambrosius WT, McKusky MA, et al. Outcome of tunnelled hemodialysis catheters placed via the right internal jugular vein by interventional radiologists. Radiology. 1997;203:489-93.

728. Dumville JC, McFarlane E, Edwards P, Lipp A, Holmes A, Liu Z. Preoperative skin antiseptics for preventing surgical wound infections after clean surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(4):CD003949.

729. Rabindranath KS, Kumar E, Shail R, Vaux E. Use of real-time ultrasound guidance for the placement systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58:964-70.

730. Rabindranath KS, Kumar E, Shail R, Vaux EC. Ultrasound use for the placement of haemodialysis catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(11):CD005279.

731. Cavanna L, Civardi G, Vallisa D, Di Nunzio C, Cappucciati L, Bertè R, et al. Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization in cancer patients improves the success rate of cannulation and reduces mechanical complications: a prospective observational study of 1,978 consecutive catheterizations. World J Surg Oncol. 2010;8:91.

732. Lin BS, Kong CW, Tarng DC, Huang TP, Tang GJ. Anatomical variation of the internal jugular vein and its impact on temporary hemodialysis vascular access: An ultrasonographic survey in uraemic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13:134-8.

733. Sibai AN, Loutfi E, Itani M, Baraka A. Ultrasound evaluation of the anatomical characteristics of the internal jugular vein and carotid artery—facilitation of internal jugular vein cannulation. Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2008;19:1305-20.

734. Perini S, LaBerge JM, Peral JM, Santiestiban HL, Ives HE, Omachi RS, et al. Tesio catheter: radiologically guided placement, mechanical performance, and adecuacy of delivered dialysis. Radiology. 2000;215:129-37.

735. Wivell W, Bettmann M, Baxter B, Langdon D, Remilliard B, Chobanian M. Outcome and performance of the Tesio TWIN catheter system placed for hemodialysis access. Radiology. 2001;221:687-703.

736. Lucey B, Varghese JC, Haslam P, Lee MJ. Routine chest radiographs after central line insertion: mandatory postprocedural evaluation or unnecessary waste of resources? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1999;22:381-4.

737. Farrell J, Walshe J, Gellens M, Martin KJ. Complications associated with insertion of jugular venous catheters for hemodialysis: the value of postprocedural radiograph. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30:690-2.

738. Molgaard O, Nielsen MS, Handberg BB, Jensen JM, Kjaergaard J, Juul N. Routine X-ray control of upper central venous lines: Is it necessary? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48:685-9.

739. Albalate M, Perez García R, De Sequera P, Alcázar R, Puerta M, Ortega M, et al. ¿Hemos olvidado lo más importante para prevenir las bacteriemias en pacientes portadores de catéter para HD? Nefrología. 2010;3:573-7.

740. Arribas Cobo P. Prevalencia de bacteriemias relacionadas con el catéter de hemodiálisis en una unidad hospitalaria. Enferm Nefrol. 2013;16:229-34.

741. Vanholder R, Canaud B, Fluck R, Jadoul M, Labriola L, Marti-Monros A, et al. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of haemodialysis catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI): a position statement of European Renal Best Practice (ERBP). NDT Plus. 2010;3:234-46.

742. Moya Mejía C, Fernández Ros M, Ibeas López J, Alcaraz Busqueta J, Mañé Buixó N, Yuste Jiménez E, et al. Monitorización sistemática del catéter permanente: una herramienta útil en el estudio de la tasa de infección y disfunción en dos tipos de catéteres tunelizados para hemodiálisis. Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol. 2006;9:165-71.

743. Casanovas E, Ibeas J, Moya C, Redón E, Ramos R, Sánchez A, et al. Prevenció de les infeccions als centres de diàlisi. Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament de Salud [Consultado el 03/12/2015]. Disponible en: http://canalsalut.gencat.cat/web/.content/home_canal_salut/professionals/recursos/protocols_i_recomanacions/28_centres_sanitaris/documents/preveinfedialisi.pdf

744. Fariñas MC, García-Palomo JD, Gutiérrez-Cuadra M. Infecciones asociadas a los catéteres utilizados para la hemodiálisis y la diálisis peritoneal. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2008;26:518-26.

745. Martín Chacón E, Martín Álvarez MC, Sánchez Calzado M, Banegas Sultán V, Gil del Reino O, Menayo Gómez J, et al. Incidencia de bacteriemia en pacientes portadores de catéter permanente tunelizado para hemodiálisis. Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol. 2008;11:277-81.

746. Lopez-Vargas P, Polkinghorne K. Nursing care of central venous catheters. Vascular Access. Cari Guidelines; 2012. p. 1-16.

747. O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, et al; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52 (9):e162-93.

748. Polkinghorne KR, Chin GK, MacGinley RJ, Owen AR, Russell C, Talaulikar GS, et al. KHA-CARI Guideline: vascular access - central venous catheters, arteriovenous fistulae and arteriovenous grafts. Nephrology (Carlton). 2013;18:701-5.

749. McCann M, Moore ZE. Intervenciones para la prevención de las complicaciones infecciosas en los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis con un catéter venoso central (Revision Cochrane traducida). En: La Biblioteca Cochrane Plus, 2010 Número 1. Oxford: Update Software Ltd. Disponible en: http://www.bibliotecacochrane.com. (Traducida de The Cochrane Library, 2010 Issue 1 Art no. CD006894. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.).

750. Ho KM, Litton E. Use of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing to prevent vascular and epidural catheter colonization and infection: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:281-7.

751. Chambers ST. Reduction of ESI of tunnelled intravascular catheters among neutropenic patients by sustained-release chlorhexidine dressings: results from a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Hosp Infect. 2005;61:53-61.

752. Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, Geffroy A, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Pease S, et al; Dressing Study Group. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009:301:1232-41.

753. Onder AM, Chandar J, Coakley S, Francoeur D, Abitbol C, Zilleruelo G. Controlling exit site infections: does it decrease the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia in children on chronic hemodialysis? Hemodial Int. 2009;13:11-8.

754. Cobo Sánchez JL, Incera Setién ME, Vicente Jiménez MY, Sainz Alonso R, Sáenz de Buruaga Perea A, Díez Rumayor M, et al. Estudio comparativo de flujos y resistencias de catéteres para hemodiálisis usando bioconectores luer-lock. Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol. 2010;13:23-8.

755. Martínez Aranda MA, Arribas Cobo P, Ruiz Álvarez A, Rodríguez Estaire J, Callejo Cano I, Díaz de Argote P, et al. Eficacia del uso de bioconectores para los catéteres centrales de hemodiálisis. Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol. 2011;14:106-11.

756. Cobo Sánchez JL, Sainz Alonso RA, Vicente Jiménez MY, Cepa García H, Pelayo Alonso R, Menezo Viadero R, et al. Estudio comparativo de incidencia de bacteriemias relacionadas con el catéter de hemodiálisis: bioconectores frente a conexión directa. Rev Soc Esp Enferm Nefrol. 2011;14:230-5.

757. Crehuet Rodríguez I, Bernárdez Lemus MA, Ramírez Crehuet M, Méndez Briso-Montiano P, Ruiz-Zorrilla López C. Bioconectores: ¿Son realmente eficaces en la reducción de las bacteriemias relacionadas con el catéter permanente para hemodiálisis? Enferm Nefrol. 2013;16:235-40.

758. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dialysis Safety. Audit tool: Catheter connection and disconnection observations [Consultado el 13/12/2015]. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/dialysis/PDFs/collaborative/Catheter-Connection-Disconnection-Observations.pdf

759. Saad TF. Central venous dialysis catheters: catheter-associated infection. Semin Dial. 2001;14:446-51.

760. Martínez de Merlo MT. Manual de Accesos Vasculares para Hemodiálisis. Catéter venoso central. Cuidados generales. Madrid: SEDEN; 2012 p. 57.

761. Lowrie EG, Chertow GM, Lew NL, Lazarus JM, Owen WF. The urea [clearance x dialysis time] product (Kt) as an outcome-based measure of hemodialysis dose. Kidney Int. 1999;56:729-37.

762. Maduell F, Vera M, Arias M, Fontseré N, Blasco M, Serra N, et al. ¿Cuánto tiempo es necesario aumentar la prescripción de hemodiálisis con la utilización de catéteres? Nefrología. 2008;28:633-6.

763. Depner TA. Catheter performance. Semin Dial. 2001;14:425-31.

764. Vesely TM, Ravenscroft A. Hemodialysis catheter tip design: observations on fluid flow and recirculation. J Vasc Access. 2015;17:29-39.

765. McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1123-33 .

766. Bahcebasi S, Kocyigit I, Akyol L, Unal A, Sipahioglu MH, Oymak O, et al. Carotid-jugular arteriovenous fistula and cerebrovascular infarct: a case report of an iatrogenic complication following internal jugular vein catheterization. Hemodial Int. 2011;15:284-7.

767. Liangos O, Gul A, Madias NE, Jaber BL. Long-term management of the tunneled venous catheter. Semin Dial. 2006;19:158-64.

768. Vellanki VS, Watson D, Rajan DK, Bhola CB, Lok CE. The stuck catheter: a hazardous twist to the meaning of permanent catheters. J Vasc Access. 2015;16:289-93.

769. Milbrandt K, Beaudry P, Anderson R, Jones S, Giacomantonio M, Sigalet D. A multiinstitutional review of central venous line complications: retained intravascular fragments. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44:972-6.

770. Thein H, Ratanjee SK. Tethered hemodialysis catheter with retained portions in central vein and right atrium on attempted removal. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:e35-9.

771. Hassan A, Khalifa M, Al-Akraa M, Lord R, Davenport A. Six cases of retained central venous haemodialysis access catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2005-8.

772. Forneris G, Savio D, Quaretti P, Fiorina I, Cecere P, Pozzato M, et al. Dealing with stuck hemodialysis catheter: state of the art and tips for the nephrologist. J Nephrol. 2014;27:619-25.

773. Field M, Pugh J, Asquith J, Davies S, Pherwani AD. A stuck hemodialysis central venous catheter. J Vasc Access. 2008:9:301-3.

774. Ndzengue A, Kessaris N, Dosani T, Mustafa N, Papalois V, Hakim NS. Mechanical complications of long-term Tesio catheters. J Vasc Access. 2009;10:50-4.

775. Hong JH. A breakthrough technique for the removal of a hemodialysis catheter stuck in the central vein: endoluminal balloon dilatation of the stuck catheter. J Vasc Access. 2011;12:381-4.

776. Ryan SE, Hadziomerovic A, Aquino J, Cunningham I, O´Kelly K, Rasuli P. Endoluminal dilation technique to remove “stuck” tunneled hemodialysis catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;23:1089-93.

777. Quaretti P, Galli F, Fiorina I, Moramarco LP, Spina M, Forneris G, et al. A refinement of Hong’s technique for the removal of stuck dialysis catheters: an easy solution to a complex problem. J Vasc Access. 2014;15:183-8.

778. Besarab A, Pandey R. Catheter management in hemodialysis patients: delivering adequate flow. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:227-34.

779. Nazarian GK, Bjarnason H, Dietz CA Jr, Bernadas CA, Hunter DW. Changes in tunneled catheter tip position when a patient is upright. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997;8:437-41.

780. Kowalski CM, Kaufman JA, Rivitz SM, Geller SC, Waltman AC. Migration of central venous catheters: implications for initial catheter tip positioning. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1997;8:443-7.

781. Engstrom BI, Horvath JJ, Stewart JK, Sydnor RH, Miller MJ, Smith TP, et al. Tunneled internal jugular hemodialysis catheters: impact of laterality and tip position on catheter dysfunction and infection rates. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24:1295-302.

782. Beathard G. The use and complications of catheters for hemodialysis vascular access. Catheter trombosis. Semin Dial. 2001;14:441-5.

783. Faintuch S, Salazar GM. Malfunction of dialysis catheters: management of fibrin sheath and related problems.Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;11:195-200.

784. Hoshal VL Jr, Ause RG, Hoskins PA. Fibrin sleeve formation on indwelling subclavian central venous catheters. Arch Surg. 1971;102:353-8.

785. Whitman ED. Complications associated with the use of central venous access devices. Curr Probl Surg. 1996;33:309-78.

786. Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:167-93.

787. Dwyer A. Surface-treated catheters—a review. Semin Dial. 2008;21:542-6.

788. Silva TN, De Marchi D, Mendes ML, Barretti P, Ponce D. Approach to prophylactic measures for central venous catheter-related infections in hemodialysis: a critical review. Hemodial Int. 2014;18:15-23.

789. Alomari AI, Falk A. The natural history of tunneled hemodialysis catheters removed or exchanged: a single-institution experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18:227-35.

790. Raad II. The pathogenesis and prevention of central venous catheter-related infections. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 1994;12:381-403.

791. Kamper L, Piroth W, Haage P. Endovascular treatment of dysfunctional hemodialysis catheters. J Vasc Access. 2010;11:263-8.

792. Guttmann DM, Trerotola SO, Clark TW, Dagli M, Shlansky-Goldberg RD, Itkin M, et al. Malfunctioning and infected tunneled infusion catheters: over-the-wire catheter exchange versus catheter removal and replacement. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;22:642-6; quiz 646.

793. Tanriover B, Carlton D, Saddekni S, Hamrick K, Oser R, Westfall AO, et al. Bacteremia associated with tunneled dialysis catheters: comparison of two treatment strategies. Kidney Int. 2000;57:2151-5.

794. Tumlin J, Goldman J, Spiegel DM, Roer D, Ntoso KA, Blaney M, et al. A phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tenecteplase for improvement of hemodialysis catheter function: TROPICS 3. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:631-6.

795. Hilleman D, Campbell J. Efficacy, safety, and cost of thrombolytic agents for the management of dysfunctional hemodialysis catheters: a systematic review. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31:1031-40.

796. Semba CP, Deitcher SR, Li X, Resnansky L, Tu T, McCluskey ER; Cardiovascular thrombolytic to Open Occluded Lines Investigators.Treatment of occluded central venous catheters with alteplase: results in 1,064 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13:1199-205.

797. Ponec D, Irwin D, Haire WD, Hill PA, Li X, McCluskey ER; COOL Investigators. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) for restoration of flow in occluded central venous access devices: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial—the Cardiovascular Thrombolytic to Open Occluded Lines (COOL) efficacy trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12:951-5.

798. Macrae JM, Loh G, Djurdjev O, Shalansky S, Werb R, Levin A, et al. Short and long alteplase dwells in dysfunctional hemodialysis catheters. Hemodial Int. 2005;9:189-95.

799. Vercaigne LM, Zacharias J, Bernstein KN. Alteplase for blood flow restoration in hemodialysis catheters: a multicenter, randomized, prospective study comparing “dwell” versus “push” administration. Clin Nephrol. 2012;78:287-96.

800. Twardowski ZJ. The clotted central vein catheter for hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13:2203-6.

801. Donati G, Colì L, Cianciolo G, La Manna G, Cuna V, Montanari M, et al. Thrombosis of tunneled-cuffed hemodialysis catheters: treatment with high-dose urokinase lock therapy. Artif Organs. 2012;36:21-8.

802. U.S. Food and Drug Administration [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; c2016. [Consultado el 08/01/2016]. Urokinase Product Approval Information. Disponible en: http://www.fda.gov/drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/howdrug­saredevelopedandapproved/approvalapplications/therapeuticbiologicapplications/ucm080421.htm

803. Van Miert C, Hill R, Jones L. Interventions for restoring patency of occluded central venous catheter lumens. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD007119.

804. Savader SJ, Haikal LC, Porter DJ, Oteham AC. Hemodialysis catheter-associated fibrin sheaths: treatment with a low-dose rt-PA infusion. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11:1131-6.

805. Savader SJ, Ehrman KO, Porter DJ, Haikal LC, Oteham AC. Treatment of hemodialysis catheter-associated fibrin sheaths by rt-PA infusion: critical analysis of 124 procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2001;12:711-5.

806. Colì L, Donati G, Cianciolo G, Raimondi C, Comai G, Panicali L, et al. Anticoagulation therapy for the prevention of hemodialysis tunneled cuffed catheters (TCC) thrombosis. J Vasc Access. 2006;7:118-22.

807. Zellweger M, Bouchard J, Raymond-Carrier S, Laforest-Renald A, Quérin S, Madore F. Systemic anticoagulation and prevention of hemodialysis catheter malfunction. ASAIO J. 2005;51:360-5.

808. Thomas CM, Zhang J, Lim TH, Scott-Douglas N, Hons RB, Hemmelgarn BR; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Concentration of heparin-locking solution and risk of central venous hemodialysis catheter malfunction. ASAIO J. 2007;53:485-8.

809. Brady PS, Spence LD, Levitin A, Mickolich CT, Dolmatch DL. Efficacy of percutaneous fibrin sheath stripping in restaurance patency of tunneled hemodialysis catheter. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173:1023-7.

810. Gray RJ, Levitin A, Buck D, Brown LC, Sparling YH, Jablonski KA, et al. Percutaneous fibrin sheath stripping versus transcatheter urokinase infusion for malfunctioning well-positioned tunneled central venous dialysis catheters: a prospective, randomized trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11:1121-9.

811. Merport M, Murphy TP, Egglin TK, Dubel GJ. Fibrin sheath stripping versus catheter exchange for the treatment of failed tunneled hemodialysis catheters: randomized clinical trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11:1115-20.

812. Janne d’Othée B, Tham JC, Sheiman RG. Restoration of patency in failing tunneled hemodialysis catheters: a comparison of catheter exchange, exchange and balloon disruption of the fibrin sheath, and femoral stripping. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2006;17:1011-5.

813. Oliver MJ, Mendelssohn DC, Quinn RR, Richardson EP, Rajan DK, Pugash RA, et al. Catheter patency and function after catheter sheath disruption: a pilot study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:1201-6.

814. Clase C, Crowther MA, Ingram AJ, Cinà CS. Thrombolysis for restoration of patency to haemodialysis central venous catheters: a systematic review. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2001;11:127-36.

815. Lee T, Lok C, Vazquez M, Moist L, Maya I, Mokrzycki M. Minimizing hemodialysis catheter dysfunction: an ounce of prevention. Int J Nephrol. 2012;2012:170857.

816. Brzosko S, Hryszko T, Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Mazerska M, Mys ´liwiec M. Femoral localization and higher ultrafiltration rate but not concentration of heparin used for canal locking of hemodialysis catheter are negative predictors for its malfunction. Am J Nephrol. 2008;28:298-303.

817. Weijmer MC, Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Van de Vondervoort FJ, Ter Wee PM. Superior antimicrobial activity of trisodium citrate over heparin for catheter locking. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:2189-95.

818. Rosenberg RD, Damus PS. The purification and mechanism of action of human antithrombin-heparin cofactor. J Biol Chem. 1973;248:6490-505.

819. Pepper RJ, Gale DP, Wajed J, Bommayya G, Ashby D, McLean A, et al. Inadvertent postdialysis anticoagulation due to heparin line locks. Hemodial Int. 2007;11:430-4.

820. Markota I, Markota D, Tomic M. Measuring of the heparin leakage into the circulation from central venous catheters: an in vivo study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:1550-3.

821. Vorweg M, Monaca E, Doehn M, Wappler F. The ‘heparin lock’: cause for iatrogenic coagulopathy. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2006;23:5053.

822. Yevzlin AS, Sanchez RJ, Hiatt JG, Washington MH, Wakeen M, Hofmann RM, et al. Concentrated heparin lock is associated with major bleeding complications after tunneled hemodialysis catheter placement. Semin Dial. 2007;20:351-4.

823. Syed S, Reilly RF. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a renal perspective. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5:501-11.

824. Berkun Y, Haviv YS, Schwartz LB, Shalit M. Heparin-induced recurrent anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:1916-8.

825. Rioux JP, De Bortoli B, Troyanov S, Madore F. The effect of sodium citrate 4% locking solution for central venous dialysis catheter on the international normalized ratio (INR) value. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:1772-3.

826. Shanks RM, Sargent JL, Martinez RM, Graber ML, O’Toole GA. Catheter lock solutions influence staphylococcal biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:2247-55.

827. Niyyar VD, Chan MR. Interventional nephrology: catheter dysfunction—prevention and troubleshooting. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;8:1234-43.

828. Zhao Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Yang J, Yang Y, Tang Y, et al. Citrate versus heparin lock for hemodialysis catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63:479-90.

829. U.S. Food and Drug Administration [Internet]. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; c2016. [Consultado el 08/12/2015]. MedWatch. triCitrasol Disponible en: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm173095.htm

830. Chapla K, Oza-Gajera BP, Yevzlin AS, Shin JI, Astor BC, Chan MR. Hemodialysis catheter locking solutions and the prevention of catheter dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Vasc Access. 2015;16:107-12.

831. Yahav D, Rozen-Vvi B, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Gafter U, Paul M. Antimicrobial lock solutions for the prevention of infections associated with intravascular catheters in patients undergoing hemodialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:83-93.

832. Labriola L, Crott R, Jadoul M. Preventing haemodialysis catheter-related bacteraemia with an antimicrobial lock solution: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:1666-72.

833. Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O’Grady NP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1-45.

834. Torres-Viera C, Thauvin-Eliopoulos C, Souli M, DeGirolami P, Farris MG, Wennersten CB, et al. Activities of taurolidine in vitro and in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1720-4.

835. Gorman SP, McCafferty DF, Woolfson AD, Jones DS. Reduced adherence of microorganisms to human mucosal epithelial cells following treatment with Taurolin, a novel antimicrobial agent. J Appl Bacteriol. 1987;62:315-20.

836. Shah CB, Mittelman MW, Costerton JW, Parenteau S, Pelak M, Arsenault R, et al. Antimicrobial activity of a novel catheter lock solution. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:1674-9.

837. Grudzinski A, Agarwal A, Bhatnagar N, Nesrallah G. Benefits and harms of citrate locking solutions for hemodialysis catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2015 2;2:13

838. Liu Y, Zhang AQ, Cao L, Xia HT, Ma JJ. Taurolidine lock solutions for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013 21;8(11):e79417

839. Wang AY, Ivany JN, Perkovic V, Gallagher MP, Jardine MJ. Anticoagulant therapies for the prevention of intravascular catheters malfunction in patients undergoing haemodialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:2875-88.

840. Firwana BM, Hasan R, Ferwana M, Varon J, Stern A, Gidwani U. Tissue plasminogen activator versus heparin for locking dialysis catheters: A systematic review. Avicenna J Med. 2011;1:29-34.

841. Gittins NS, Hunter-Blair YL, Matthews JN, Coulthard MG. Comparison of alteplase and heparin in maintaining the patency of paediatric central venous haemodialysis lines: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child. 2007;92:499-501.

842. Schenk P, Rosenkranz AR, Wolfl G, Horl WH, Traindl O. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is a useful alternative to heparin in priming quinton permcath. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:130-6.

843. Allon M, Daugirdas J, Depner TA, Greene T, Ornt D, Schwab SJ. Effect of change in vascular access on patient mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47:469.

844. Allon M. Dialysis catheter-related bacteremia: treatment and prophylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44:779.

845. Saad TF. Bacteremia associated with tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34:1114-24.

846. Little MA, O’Riordan A, Lucey B, Farrell M, Lee M, Conlon PJ, et al. A prospective study of complications associated with cuffed, tunneled haemodialysis catheters. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:2194-200.

847. Beathard GA. Management of bacteremia associated with tunneled-cuffed hemodialysis catheters. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:1045-9.

848. Taylor G, Gravel D, Johnston L, Embil J, Holton D, Paton S. Incidence of bloodstream infection in multicenter infection cohorts of hemodialysis patients. Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program, Canadian Hospital Epidemiology Committee. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:155.

849. Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Andrus ML, Peterson KD, Dudeck TC, Horan TC. Dialysis surveillance report: National Health-care Safety Network-data summary for 2006. Semin Dial. 2008;21:24-8.

850. Patel PR, Kallen AJ, Arduino MJ. Epidemiology, surveillance, and prevention of bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:566-77.

851. Ramírez-Huaranga MA, Sánchez de la Nieta-García MD, Anaya-Fernández S, Arambarri-Segura M, Caparrós-Tortosa G, Rivera-Hernández F, et al. Espondilodiscitis, experiencia en nefrología. Nefrología. 2013;33:250-5.

852. Bray BD, Boyd J, Daly C, Donaldson K, Doyle A, Fox JG, et al. Vascular access type and risk of mortality in a national prospective cohort of hemodialysis patients QJM. 2012;105:1097-103.

853. Maya ID, Carlton D, Estrada E, Allon M. Treatment of dialysis catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with an antibiotic lock: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:289-95.

854. Poole CV, Carlton D, Bimbo L, Allon M. Treatment of catheter-related bacteremia with an antibiotic lock protocol: Effect of bacterial pathogen. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:1237-44.

855. Krishnasami Z, Carlton D, Bimbo L, Taylor ME, Balkovetz DF, Barker J, et al. Management of hemodiálisis catheter-related bacteremia with an adjunctive antibiotic lock solution. Kidney Int. 2002;61:1136-42.

856. Vardhan A, Davies J, Daryanani I, Crowe A, McClelland P. Treatment of haemodialysis catheter-related infections. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1149-50.

857. Sychev D, Maya ID, Allon M. Clinical management of dialysis catheter-related bacteremia with concurrent exit site infection. Semin Dial. 2011;24:239-41.

858. Moyer MA, Edwards LD, Farley L. Comparative culture methods on 101 intravenous catheters. Routine, semiquantitative and blood cultures. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143:66-9.

859. Raad II, Sabbagh MF, Rand KH, Sheretz RJ. Quantitative tip culture methods and the diagnosis of central venous catheter-related infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992;15:13-20.

860. Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med. 1977;296:1305-9.

861. Cleri DJ, Corrado ML, Seligman SJ. Quantitative culture of intravenous catheters and others intravascular inserts. J Infect Dis. 1980;141:781-6.

862. Brun-Buisson C, Abrouk F, Legran P, Huet Y, Larabi S, Rapin M. Diagnosis central venous catheter-related sepsis. Critical level of quantitative tip cultures. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147:873-7.

863. Rello J, Gatell JM, Almirall J, Campistol JM, Gonzalez J, Puig de la Bellacasa J. Evaluation of culture techniques for identification of catheter-related. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989;8:620-2.

864. Capdevila JA, Segarra A, Planes AM, Ramírez-Arellano M, Pahissa A, Piera L, et al. Successful treatment of haemodialysis catheter-related sepsis without catheter removal. Nephrol Dial transplant. 1993;8:231-4.

865. Messing B, Peitra-Cohen S, Debure A, Beliah M, Bernier J. Antibiotic-lock technique: a new approach to optimal therapy for catheter-related sepsis in home-parenteral nutrition patients. J Parenter Nutr. 1988;12:185-9.

866. Boorgan R, Dubrow AJ, Levin NW, My H, Canaud BJ, Lentino JR, et al. Adjunctive antibiotic/anticoagulant lock therapy in the treatment of bacteremia associated with the use of a subcutaneously implanted hemodialysis access device. ASAIO J. 2000;46:767-70.

867. Capdevila JA, Planes AM, Palomar M, Gasser I, Almirante B, Pahissa A, et al. Value of differential quantitative blood cultures in the diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992;11:403-7.

868. Wing EJ, Norden CW, Shadduck RK, Winkelstein A. Use of quantitative bacteriologic techniques to diagnosis catheter-related sepsis. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139:482-3.

869. Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Stokes DC, Barrett FF. In situ management of confirmed central venous catheter-related bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987;6:729-34.

870. Tafuro P, Colbourn D, Gurevich I, Schoch P, Wachs H, Krystofiak S, et al. Comparison of blood cultures obtained simultaneously by venopuncture and from vascular lines. J Hosp Infect. 1986;7:283-8.

871. Douard M, Arlet G, Longuet P, Troje C, Rouveau M, Ponscarme D, et al. Diagnosis of venous access port-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1197-202.

872. Blot F, Schmidt E, Nitemberg G, Tancrède C, Leclercq B, Laplanche A, et al. Earlier positivity of central-venous versus peripheral-blood is highly predictive of catheter-related sepsis. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:105-9.

872. Blot F, Nitemberg G, Chachaty E, Raynard B, Germann N, Antoun S, et al. Diagnosis of catheter-related bacteraemia: a prospective comparison of the time to positivity of hub-blood versus peripheral-blood cultures. Lancet. 1999;354:1071-7.

874. Safdar N, Fine JP, Maki DG. Meta-analysis: methods for diagnosing intravascular device-related bloodstream infection. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:451-66.

875. Allon M. Treatment guidelines for dialysis catheter -related bacteremia: an update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;54:13-7.

876. Gaur AH, Flyn PM, Heine DJ, Giannini MA, Shenep JL, Hayden R. Diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections among pediatric oncology patients lacking a peripheral culture, using differential time to detection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:445-9.

877. Guembe M, Rodríguez-Créixems M, Sánchez-Carrillo C, Pérez-Parra A, Martín-Rabadán P, Bouza E. How many lumens should be cultured in the conservative diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections? Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1575-9.

878. Franklin JA, Gaur AH, Shenep JL, Hu XJ, Flynn PM. In situ diagnosis of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection without peripheral blood culture. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:614-8.

879. Everts RJ, Vinson EN, Adholla PO, Reller LB. Contamination of catheter-drawn blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:3393-4.

880. DesJardin JA, Falagas ME, Ruthazer R, Griffith J, Wawrose D, Schenkein D, et al. Clinical utility of blood cultures drawn from indwelling central venous catheters in hospitalized patients with cancer. Ann intern Med. 1999;131:641-7.

881. Martinez JA, DesJardin JA, Aronoff M, Supran S, Nasraway SA, Snydman DR. Clinical utility of blood cultures drawn from central venous or arterial catheters in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:7-13.

881a. Sherertz RJ, Raad II, Belani A, Koo LC, Rand KH, Pickett DL, et al. Three year experience with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:76-82.

882. Raad II, Hanna HA, Darouiche RO. Diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections: is it necessary to culture the subcutaneous catheter segment? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20:566-8.

883. Marr KA, Sexton DJ, Conlon PJ, Corey GR, Schwab SJ, Kirkland KB. Catheter-related bacteremia and outcome of apted catheter salvage in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:275-80.

884. Almirall J, Gonzalez J, Rello J, Campistol JM, Montoliu J, Puig de la Bellacasa J, et al. Infection of hemodialysis catheters: incidence and mechanisms. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9:454-9.

885. Danese MD, Griffiths RI, Dylan M, Yu HT, Dubois R, Nissenson AR. Mortality differences among organisms causing septicemia in hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2006;10:56-62.

886. Nissenson AR, Dylan M, Griffiths RI, Yu HT, Dean BB, Danese MD, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus septicemia in ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:301-8.

887. Inrig JK, Reed SD, Szczech LA, Engemann JJ, Friedman JY, Corey GR, et al. Relationship between clinical outcomes and vascular access type among hemodialysis patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:518-24.

888. Ashby DR, Power A, Singh S, Choi P, Taube DH, Duncan ND, et al. Bacteremia associated with tunneled hemodialysis catheters: outcome after attempted salvage. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1601-5.

889. Mokrzycki MH, Zhang M, Cohen H, Golestaneh L, Laut JM, Rosenberg SO. Tunnelled haemodialysis catheter bacteraemia: risk factors for bacteraemia recurrence, infectious complications and mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:1024-31.

890. Hanna H, Afif C, Alakech B, Boktour M, Tarrand J, Hachem R, et al. Central venous catheter-related bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli: significance of catheter removal in preventing relapse. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25:646-9.

891. Raad I, Kassar R, Ghannam D, Chaftari AM, Hachem R, Jiang Y. Management of the catheter in documented catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia: remove or retain? Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1187-94.

892. Raad I, Costerton W, Sabharwal U, Sacilowski M, Anaissie E, Bodey GP. Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis. 1993;168:400-7.

893. Fitzgibbons LN, Puls DL, Mackay K, Forrest GN. Management of gram-positive coccal bacteremia and hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57:624-40.

894. Carratalà J. The antibiotic-lock technique for therapy of “highly needed” infected catheters. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8:282-9.

895. Von Eiff C, Jansen B, Kohnen W, Becker K. Infections associated with medical devices: pathogenesis, management and prophylaxis. Drugs. 2005;65:179-214.

896. Ceri H, Olson ME, Stremick C, Read RR, Morck D, Buret A. The Calgary Biofilm Device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1771-6.

897. Hoiby N, Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M, Molin S, Ciofu O. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35:322-32.

898. Aslam S, Vaida F, Ritter M, Metha R. Systematic review and meta-analysis on management of hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:2927-41.

899. Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Calleja R, Ruiz I, Planes AM, Rodriguez D, et al. Antibiotic-lock therapy for lon-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia: results of an open, non-comparative study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:1172-80.

900. Joshi AJ, Hart PD. Antibiotic catheter locks in the treatment of tunneled hemodialysis catheter-related bloodstream infection. Semin Dial. 2013;26:223-6.

901. Peterson WJ, Maya ID, Carlton D, Estrada E, Allon M. Treatment of dialysis catheter -related Enterococcus bacteremia with an antibiotic lock: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:107-11.

902. Dogra GK, Herson H, Hutchison B, Irish AB, Heath CH, Golledge C, et al. Prevention of tunneled hemodialysis catheter-related infections using catheter-restricted filling with gentamicin and citrate: a randomized controlled study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2133-9.

903. Qu Y, Istivan TS, Daley AJ, Rouch DA, Deighton MA. Comparison of various antimicrobial agents as catheter lock solutions: preference for ethanol in eradication of coagulase-negative staphylococcal biofilms. J Med Microbiol. 2009;58:442-50.

904. Sauer K, Steczko J, Ash SR. Effect of a solution containing citrate/Methylene Blue/parabens on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and biofilm, and comparison with various heparin solutions. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:937-45.

905. Koldehoff M, Zakrzewski JL. Taurolidine is effective in the treatment of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infections in cancer patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;24:491-5.

906. Liu H, Liu H, Deng J, Chen L, Yuan L, Wu Y. Preventing catheter-related bacteremia with taurolidine-citrate catheter locks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Purif. 2014;37:179-87.

907. Fontseré N, Cardozo C, Donate J, Soriano A, Muros M, Pons M, et al. Tunneled catheters with taurolidine-citrate-heparin lock solution significantly improve the inflammatory profile of hemodialysis patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:4180-4.

908. Shaffer D. Catheter-related sepsis complicating long-term, tunneled central venous dialysis catheters: management by guidewire exchange. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;25:593-6.

909. Barth RH, DeVincenzo N. Use of vancomycin in high-flux hemodialysis: experience with 130 courses of therapy. Kidney Int. 1996;50:929-36.

910. Taylor ME, Allon M. Practical vancomycin dosing in hemodialysis patients in the era of emerging vancomycin resistance: a single-center experience. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;55:1163-5.

911. Salama NN, Segal JH, Churchwell MD, Patel JH, Gao L, Heung M, et al. Intradialytic administration of daptomycin in end stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:1190-4.

912. Stryjewski ME, Szczech LA, Benjamin DK Jr, Inrig JK, Kanafani ZA, Engemann JJ, et al. Use of vancomycin or first -generation cephalosporins for the treatment of hemodialysis-dependent patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:190-6.

913. Chan KE, Warren HS, Thadhani RI, Steele DJ, Hymes JL, Maddux FW, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of antimicrobial treatment for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in outpatients with ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:1551-9.

914. Vanholder R, Canaud B, Fluck R, Jadoul M, Labriola L, Marti-Monros A, et al. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI): a European view. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:1753-6.

915. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Bolger AF, Levison ME, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation. 2005;111:e394-434.

916. Trerotola SO, Johnson MS, Shah H, Kraus MA, McKusky MA, Ambrosius WT, et al. Tunneled hemodialysis catheters: use of a silver-coated catheter for prevention of infection—a randomized study. Radiology. 1998;207:491-6.

917. Darouiche RO, Raad II, Heard SO, Thornby JI, Wenker OC, Gabrielli A, et al. A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters. Catheter Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1-8.

918. Lim SH, Smith MP, Salooja N, Machin SJ, Goldstone AH. A prospective randomized study of prophylactic teicoplanin to prevent early Hickman catheter-related sepsis in patients receiving intensive chemotherapy for haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1991;28:109-16.

919. Ljungman P, Hagglund H, Bjorkstrand B, Lonnqvist B, Ringden O. Perioperative teicoplanin for prevention of Gram-positive infections in neutropenic patients with indwelling central venous catheter: a randomized controlled study. Support Care Cancer. 1997;5:485-8.

920. McKee R, Dunsmuir R, Whitby M, Garden OJ. Does antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter insertion reduce the incidence of catheter-related sepsis in intravenous nutrition? J Hosp Infect. 1985;6:419-25.

921. Ranson MR, Oppenheim A, Jackson A, Kamthan AG, Scarffe JH. Double-blind placebo controlled study of vancomycin prophylaxis for central venous catheter insertion in cancer patients. J Hosp Infect. 1990;15:95-102.

922. Van de Wetering MD, Van Woensel JBM, Lawrie TA. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing Gram positive infections associated with long-term central venous catheters in oncology patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(11):CD003295.

923. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep. 1995;44:1-13.

924. Böhlke M, Uliano G, Barcellos FC. Hemodialysis catheter-related infection: prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment. J Vasc Access. 2015;16:347-55.

925. Snaterse M, Rüger W, Scholte OP, Reimer WJ, Lucas C. Antibiotic-based catheter lock solutions for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Hosp Infect. 2010;75:1-11.

926. Rabindranath KS, Bansal T, Adams J, Das R, Shail R, Macleod AM, et al. Systematic review of antimicrobials for the prevention of haemodialysis catheter-related infections. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3763-74.

927. Jaffer Y, Selby NM, Taal MW, Fluck RJ, McIntyre CW. A meta-analysis of hemodialysis catheter locking solutions in the prevention of catheter-related infection. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:233-41.

928. James MT, Conley J, Tonelli M, Manns BJ, MacRae J, Hemmelgarn BR; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Meta-analysis: antibiotics for prophylaxis against hemodialysis catheter-related infections. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:596-605.

929. Saxena AK, Panhotra BR. Haemodialysis catheter-related bloodstream infections: current treatment options and strategies for prevention. Swiss Med Wkly. 2005;135:127-38.

930. Maya ID. Antibiotic lock for treatment of tunneled hemodialysis catheter bacteremia. Semin Dial. 2008;21:539-41.

931. Manierski C, Besarab A. Antimicrobial locks: putting the lock on catheter infections. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2006;13:245-8.

932. Gudiol F, Aguado JM, Almirante B, Bouza E, Cercenado E, Domínguez MA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of bacteremia and endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. A clinical guideline from the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2015;33:625.e1-23.

933. Mensa J, Barberán J, Llinares P, Picazo JJ, Bouza E, Álvarez-Lerma F, et al. Guía de tratamiento de la infección producida por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2008;21:234-58.

934. Roe SD. Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Central Venous Catheter Related Infections in Haemodialysis Patients [Consultado el 5-2-2014]. Nottingham: Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham Renal and Transplant Unit; 2013. Disponible en: http://www.nuh.uk/nch/antibiotics/Specialist%20guides/CVC%20infections%20reviewed%20Feb%202013%20final.pdf

935. Van Rijen M, Bonten M, Wenzel R, Kluytmans J. Mupirocin ointment for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections in nasal carriers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006216.

936. Yu VL,Goetz A, Wagener M, Smith PB, Rihs JD, Hanchett J, Zuravleff JJ. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and infection in patients on hemodialysis. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:91-6.

937. Barraclough KA, Hawley CM, Playford EG, Johnson DW. Prevention of access-related infection in dialysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009;7:1185-200.

938. Quittnat Pelletier F, Joarder M, Poutanen SM, Lok CE. Evaluating Approaches for the Diagnosis of Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11:847-54.

939. National Institute for Health and Clinical Exce­llence (NICE) [Internet].Londres: NICE; c 2011. Chronic kidney disease quality standard. [Consultado el 05/02/2014]. Disponible en: http://publications.nice.org.uk/chronic-kidney-disease-quality-standard-qs5

940. Polkinghorne K; Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment (CARI). The CARI guidelines. Vascular access surveillance. Nephrology (Carlton). 2008;13 (Suppl 2):S1-11.

941. Pisoni RL, Young EW, Dykstra DM, Greenwood RN, Hecking E, Gillespie B, et al. Vascular access use in Europe and the United States: results from the DOPPS. Kidney Int. 2002;61:305-16.

942. Mendelssohn DC, Ethier J, Elder SJ, Saran R, Port FK, Pisoni RL. Haemodialysis vascular access problems in Canada: results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS II). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:721-8.

943. Al Aly Z, Gonzalez EA, Martin KJ, Gellens ME. Achieving K/DOQI laboratory target values for bone and mineral metabolism: an uphill battle. Am J Nephrol. 2004;24:422-6.

944. Rayner HC, Besarab A, Brown WW, Disney A, Saito A, Pisoni RL. Vascular access results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS): performance against Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Clinical Practice Guidelines. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44 (Suppl 2):22-6.

945. Arenas MD, Álvarez-Ude F, Egea JJ, Gil MT, Amoedo ML, Millán I, et al. Impacto de seguimiento de indicadores de calidad en hemodiálisis. Nefrología. 2004;3:261-75.

946. Plantinga LC, Fink NE, Jaar BG, Sadler JH, Levin NW, Coresh J, et al. Attainment of clinical performance targets and improvement in clinical outcomes and resource use in hemodialysis care: a prospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7:5.

947. Rocco MV, Frankenfield DL, Hopson SD, McClellan WM. Relationship between clinical performance measures and outcomes among patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:512-9.

948. Astor BC, Eustace JA, Powe NR, Klag MJ, Fink NE, Coresh J; CHOICE study. Type of vascular access and survival among incident hemodialysis patients: the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring ESRD (CHOICE) study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1449-55.

949. Malek T, Álvarez-Ude F, Gil MT, Moledous A, López-Collado M, Núñez C, et al. Cambios en el acceso vascular en una unidad de diálisis en los últimos años: ¿problemas de planificación, cambio de preferencias o cambio demográfico? Nefrología. 2008;28:531-8.

950. Antón-Pérez G, Pérez-Borges P, Alonso-Alamán F, Vega-Díaz N. Accesos vasculares en hemodiálisis: un reto por conseguir. Nefrología. 2012;32:103-7.

951. Generalitat de Catalunya [Internet]. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya; c 2014. Registre de malalts renals de Catalunya. Informe estadístico 2012. [Consultado el 05/02/2014]. Disponible en: http://observatorisalut.gencat.cat/web/.content/minisite/observatorisalut/ossc_dades_estadistiques/estat_salut_estils_vida/temes_especifics_salut/insuficiencia_renal/fitxers_estatics/Registre_malalts_renals_informe_estadistic_2012.pdf

952. Rodríguez JA, Armadans L, Ferrer E, Olmos A, Codina S, Bartolomé J, et al. The function of permanent vascular access. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:402-8.

953. Stevenson KB, Adcox MJ, Mallea MC, Narasimhan N, Wagnild JP. Standardized surveillance of hemodialysis vascular access infections: 18-month experience at an outpatient, multifacility hemodialysis center. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:200-3.

954. Beathard GA, Urbanes A. Infection associated with tunneled hemodialysis catheters. Semin Dial. 2008;21:528-38.

955. Valdés P, Galindo F, Ferrer MD, editores. Estándares en radiología vascular e intervencionista. Sec. 8.5. Colocación de accesos venosos centrales. En: Competencias en radiología vascular e intervencionista. SERAM; 2013. p. 255-62.